{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:16:22Z","timestamp":1794021382319,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":353,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","aaojournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T02:06:25Z","timestamp":1731981985000},"page":"1359-1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Special Commentary: Cerebral\/Cortical Visual Impairment Working Definition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotfi B.","family":"Merabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Borchert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Chandna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gena","family":"Heidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Kran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Legge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Lehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veeral","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Stasheff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daofen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shefa","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph M.","family":"Nitkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santa J.","family":"Tumminia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheri","family":"Wiggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14819","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment-related vision problems in primary school children: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-303002","article-title":"Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children","volume":"99","author":"Solebo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib3","first-page":"501","article-title":"An update on progress and the changing epidemiology of causes of childhood blindness worldwide","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13443","article-title":"Causes of childhood low vision and blindness in New Zealand","volume":"47","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1985.tb03796.x","article-title":"Permanent cortical visual impairment in children","volume":"27","author":"Whiting","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210207","article-title":"Cortical blindness: etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis","volume":"21","author":"Aldrich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1996.64","article-title":"Cortical visual dysfunction in children: a clinical study","volume":"10","author":"Dutton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(94)90073-6","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment in children","volume":"38","author":"Good","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.03.001","article-title":"Advances in the evaluation and management of cortical\/cerebral visual impairment in children","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01958","article-title":"Cerebral versus ocular visual impairment: the impact on developmental neuroplasticity","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000610","article-title":"Factors associated with lack of vision improvement in children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"38","author":"Handa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001071","article-title":"Long-term outcome of children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"48","author":"Matsuba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.011","article-title":"Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction","volume":"108","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb08498.x","article-title":"Behavioural characteristics of children with permanent cortical visual impairment","volume":"29","author":"Jan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.05.005","article-title":"Cerebral\/cortical visual impairment: a need to reassess current definitions of visual impairment and blindness","volume":"31","author":"Kran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00387.x","article-title":"Recent advances in cortical visual impairment","volume":"43","author":"Good","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.711873","article-title":"Higher visual function deficits in children with cerebral visual impairment and good visual acuity","volume":"15","author":"Chandna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310694","article-title":"Is there consensus in defining childhood cerebral visual impairment? A systematic review of terminology and definitions","volume":"102","author":"Sakki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib22","series-title":"NEI Strategic Plan: Vision for the Future, 2021-2025","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.05.006","article-title":"The assessment of visual function and functional vision","volume":"31","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2005.05.002","article-title":"Visual functions and functional vision","volume":"1282","author":"Colenbrander","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Congress Series"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.03.002","article-title":"Functional vision disorders in adults: a paradigm and nomenclature shift for ophthalmology","volume":"67","author":"Raviskanthan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib10","article-title":"Exploratory investigation of brain MRI lesions according to whole sample and visual function subtyping in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"15","author":"Sakki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb12083.x","article-title":"Correlation between cerebral visual impairment and magnetic resonance imaging in children with neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"38","author":"Cioni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973742","article-title":"Early predictors of cerebral visual impairment in infants with cystic leukomalacia","volume":"27","author":"Eken","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.05.009","article-title":"Alterations in the structural and functional connectivity of the visuomotor network of children with periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"31","author":"Bauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.772353","article-title":"Longitudinal neurological analysis of moderate and severe pediatric cerebral visual impairment","volume":"16","author":"Jimenez-Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03175.x","article-title":"Assessment of cerebral visual impairment with the L94 visual perceptual battery: clinical value and correlation with MRI findings","volume":"51","author":"Ortibus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aberrant white matter development in cerebral visual impairment: a proposed mechanism for visual dysfunction following early brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Bauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J\u00a0Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04147.x","article-title":"Integrity of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and impaired object recognition in children: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"54","author":"Ortibus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102821","article-title":"Neural correlates associated with impaired global motion perception in cerebral visual impairment (CVI)","volume":"32","author":"Pamir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.670","article-title":"Chronic cortical visual impairment in children: aetiology, prognosis, and associated neurological deficits","volume":"83","author":"Huo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib34","first-page":"235","article-title":"Cortical visual impairment: etiology, associated findings, and prognosis in a tertiary care setting","volume":"11","author":"Khetpal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib35","first-page":"223e1","article-title":"Ophthalmologic characteristics and outcomes of children with cortical visual impairment and cerebral palsy","volume":"25","author":"West","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160433007","article-title":"Large cups in normal-sized optic discs: a variant of optic nerve hypoplasia in children with periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"115","author":"Jacobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.11.1309","article-title":"Semiology of periventricular leucomalacia and its optic disc morphology","volume":"87","author":"Brodsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000999","article-title":"Abnormal vestibular-ocular reflexes in children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"41","author":"Mansukhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.6.15","article-title":"Cerebral visual impairment characterized by abnormal visual orienting behavior with preserved visual cortical activation","volume":"62","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00327.x","article-title":"Oculomotor dysfunction in cerebral visual impairment following perinatal hypoxia","volume":"44","author":"Salati","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.737409","article-title":"Tracking-based interactive assessment of saccades, pursuits, visual field, and contrast sensitivity in children with brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Mooney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001775","article-title":"Physician prescribing and referral patterns in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"98","author":"Rice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15375.x","article-title":"Delayed visual maturation: an update","volume":"40","author":"Russell-Eggitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08099.x","article-title":"Delayed visual maturation: ophthalmic and neurodevelopmental aspects","volume":"32","author":"Tresidder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(95)80044-1","article-title":"Amblyopia","volume":"40","author":"Campos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib46","first-page":"215","article-title":"Constenbader lecture. Delayed visual maturation: the apparently blind infant","volume":"8","author":"Hoyt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32863-6","article-title":"Delayed visual maturation. A longitudinal clinical and electrophysiological assessment","volume":"96","author":"Lambert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01785-2","article-title":"Average recovery time from delayed visual maturation","volume":"41","author":"Lloyd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00013","article-title":"Characterizing visual field deficits in cerebral\/cortical visual impairment (CVI) using combined diffusion based imaging and functional retinotopic mapping: a case study","volume":"10","author":"Merabet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7730","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9775","article-title":"Spatial contrast sensitivity vision loss in children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"53","author":"Good","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1990.tb08478.x","article-title":"Light-gazing by visually impaired children","volume":"32","author":"Jan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.82.11.1231","article-title":"Visual behaviours of neurologically impaired children with cerebral visual impairment: an ethological study","volume":"82","author":"Porro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205001428","article-title":"Blindsight in children: does it exist and can it be used to help the child? Observations on a case series","volume":"47","author":"Boyle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib54","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Visual attention to movement and color in children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"99","author":"Cohen-Maitre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Vis Impair Blind"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03257.x","article-title":"\u2018Dorsal stream dysfunction\u2019 and \u2018dorsal stream dysfunction plus\u2019: a potential classification for perceptual visual impairment in the context of cerebral visual impairment?","volume":"51","author":"Dutton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7010009","article-title":"Deficits in face recognition and consequent quality-of-life factors in individuals with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"7","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2023.05.001","article-title":"Object identification in cerebral visual impairment characterized by gaze behavior and image saliency analysis","volume":"45","author":"Manley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03874a.x","article-title":"Defective motion processing in children with cerebral visual impairment due to periventricular white matter damage","volume":"54","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.14.12","article-title":"Motion processing deficits in children with cerebral visual impairment and good visual acuity","volume":"62","author":"Chandna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4 Neuro-ophthalmology","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib60","first-page":"922","article-title":"Higher cortical visual deficits","volume":"20","author":"Barton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.727565","article-title":"The multidisciplinary guidelines for diagnosis and referral in cerebral visual impairment","volume":"16","author":"Boonstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02261-6","article-title":"Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guide","volume":"37","author":"Pilling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.154","article-title":"Reliability of a question inventory for structured history taking in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"26","author":"Macintyre-Beon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14448","article-title":"Visuoperceptual profiles of children using the Flemish cerebral visual impairment questionnaire","volume":"62","author":"Ben Itzhak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1996_20","article-title":"Perceptual visual dysfunction in children\u2014an Indian perspective","volume":"69","author":"Pehere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00757.x","article-title":"A\u00a0visual skills inventory for children with neurological impairments","volume":"49","author":"McCulloch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14951.x","article-title":"Forced-choice preferential looking acuity of children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"33","author":"Birch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.769259","article-title":"Evaluation of the relationship between preferential looking testing and visual evoked potentials as a biomarker of cerebral visual impairment","volume":"15","author":"Raja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.11.024","article-title":"Comparison of eye tracking and Teller acuity cards for visual acuity assessment in pediatric cortical\/cerebral visual impairment (CVI)","volume":"260","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-001144","article-title":"Validity and reliability of CVI Range assessment for Clinical Research (CVI Range-CR): a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14304","article-title":"Assessment tool for visual perception deficits in cerebral visual impairment: reliability and validity","volume":"62","author":"Vancleef","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293904","article-title":"Validation of the Austin assessment: a screening tool for cerebral visual impairment related visual issues","volume":"18","author":"McDowell","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib72","first-page":"253","article-title":"Development of a quantitative method to measure vision in children with chronic cortical visual impairment","volume":"99","author":"Good","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-020-09770-3","article-title":"VEP estimation of visual acuity: a systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib74","first-page":"334e1","article-title":"Validity and reliability of eye tracking for visual acuity assessment in children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0AAPOS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib75","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Assessing higher-order visual processing in cerebral visual impairment using naturalistic virtual-reality-based visual search tasks","volume":"9","author":"Manley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2018.09.006","article-title":"Combining visual sensory functions and visuospatial orienting functions in children with visual pathology: a longitudinal study","volume":"41","author":"Kooiker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.713316","article-title":"Cortical visual impairments and learning disabilities","volume":"15","author":"Chokron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib78","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A\u00a0definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000361","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analytic review of cognition and reading difficulties: individual differences, moderation, and language mediation mechanisms","volume":"148","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12264","article-title":"Autism assessment in children with optic nerve hypoplasia and other vision impairments","volume":"56","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12155","article-title":"Identifying and characterising cerebral visual impairment in children: a review","volume":"97","author":"Philip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib83","unstructured":"Lehman SS, Yin L, Chang MY, et\u00a0al. Diagnosis and care of children with cortical visual impairment: clinical report. Pediatrics. Forthcoming."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00178-7","article-title":"Normal and anomalous development of visual motion processing: motion coherence and \u2018dorsal-stream vulnerability.\u2019","volume":"41","author":"Braddick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.02.018","article-title":"Development of human visual function","volume":"51","author":"Braddick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000664","article-title":"Uncovering the connectivity of the brain in relation to novel vision rehabilitation strategies","volume":"83","author":"Connell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00664","article-title":"Sensitive and critical periods in visual sensory deprivation","volume":"4","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2017.04.005","article-title":"Disentangling how the brain is \u201cwired\u201d in cortical (cerebral) visual impairment","volume":"24","author":"Merabet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14865","article-title":"Early visual training and environmental adaptation for infants with visual impairment","volume":"63","author":"Fazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.203","article-title":"Transition from paediatric to adult ophthalmology services: what matters most to young people with visual impairment","volume":"32","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2587","article-title":"Supporting the health care transition from adolescence to adulthood in the medical home","volume":"142","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/23727322231195213","article-title":"Toward removing barriers in the evaluation, diagnosis, and care of individuals with cerebral visual impairments","volume":"10","author":"Lueck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642024005657?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642024005657?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T21:24:43Z","timestamp":1736457883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642024005657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642024005657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Special Commentary: Cerebral\/Cortical Visual Impairment Working Definition","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.09.011","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}