{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:20:28Z","timestamp":1789158028696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002080","name":"Everychild Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002080","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001209","name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T03:56:00Z","timestamp":1756266960000},"page":"1294-1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Instrument-Based Screening for the Detection of Amblyopia and Amblyopia Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Julius T.","family":"Oatts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara M.","family":"Cavuoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Nallasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Grace","family":"Prakalapakorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupal H.","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy L.","family":"Pineles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib1","first-page":"745","article-title":"Amblyopia: detection and treatment","volume":"100","author":"McConaghy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)91862-0","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of amblyopia in an adult population","volume":"105","author":"Attebo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.09.012","article-title":"Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: a 10-year, evidence-based update","volume":"17","author":"Donahue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20130326-01","article-title":"Amblyopia risk factor prevalence","volume":"50","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3745","article-title":"Implementation of instrument-based vision screening for preschool-age children in primary care","volume":"140","author":"Modest","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.032","article-title":"Pediatric eye evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern(r): I. Vision screening in the primary care and community setting; II. Comprehensive ophthalmic examination","volume":"125","author":"Wallace","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.09.009","article-title":"AAPOS uniform guidelines for instrument-based pediatric vision screen validation 2021","volume":"26","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7503","article-title":"Rapid, high-accuracy detection of strabismus and amblyopia using the pediatric vision scanner","volume":"52","author":"Loudon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.424","article-title":"Beyond screening for risk factors: objective detection of strabismus and amblyopia","volume":"132","author":"Jost","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.01.013","article-title":"The Blinq vision screener in detection of amblyopia and strabismus","volume":"250","author":"Monahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2021.03.010","article-title":"Validation of the pediatric vision scanner in a normal preschool population","volume":"25","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.03.003","article-title":"Refinement strategies in photoscreening for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in 12-to-24-month-old children","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02246-6","article-title":"Pediatric vision screening using the Plusoptix A12C photoscreener in Chinese preschool children aged 3 to 4 years","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib22","first-page":"1","author":"Lequeux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.138115","article-title":"Vision screening in children by Plusoptix vision screener compared with gold-standard orthoptic assessment","volume":"93","author":"Dahlmann-Noor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2008.08.016","article-title":"Field testing of the PlusoptiX S04 photoscreener","volume":"13","author":"Arthur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20190702-01","article-title":"How many Plusoptix S04 measures yield the most sensitive amblyopia screening?","volume":"56","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib50","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pediatric eye\/vision screening. Referral criteria for the pedia vision Plusoptix S04 photoscreener compared to visual acuity and digital photoscreening","volume":"22","author":"Clausen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kindergarten computer photoscreening"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.190405","article-title":"Screening for amblyopia risk factors in pre-verbal children using the Plusoptix photoscreener: a cross-sectional population-based study","volume":"96","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib38","first-page":"20","article-title":"Pediatric photoscreeners in high risk patients 2012: a comparison study of Plusoptix, iScreen and Spot","volume":"28","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Binocul Vis Strabolog Q Simms Romano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032138","article-title":"Choosing appropriate tools and referral criteria for vision screening of children aged 4-5 years in Canada: a quantitative analysis","volume":"9","author":"Nishimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1437453","article-title":"The Plusoptix photoscreener and the Retinomax autorefractor as community-based screening devices for preschool children","volume":"43","author":"Kinori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2046_19","article-title":"To assess the accuracy of Plusoptix S12-C photoscreener in detecting amblyogenic risk factors in children aged 6 months to 6 years in remote areas of South India","volume":"68","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1080-7","article-title":"Objective vision screening using Plusoptix for children aged 3-11 years in rural Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Ugurbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib34","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyogenic risk factors among school children in India using the Spot vision screener","volume":"16","author":"Janti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2022.11.019","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Spot vision screener using updated 2021 AAPOS guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Peterseim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.03.018","article-title":"Effectiveness of the Spot (tm) vision screener with variations in ocular pigments","volume":"264","author":"Pophal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001505","article-title":"Detection of amblyogenic refractive error using the Spot vision screener in children","volume":"97","author":"Gaiser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2014.07.176","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Spot vision screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Peterseim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03904-0","article-title":"Instrument-based screening for amblyopia risk factors in a primary care setting in children aged 18 to 30 months","volume":"180","author":"Vil\u00e0-de Muga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.09.020","article-title":"Comparison of photoscreening and autorefractive screening for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in children under 3 years of age","volume":"24","author":"Kara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2024.104035","article-title":"Comparison of the GoCheck Kids and Spot screener photoscreening devices for the detection of amblyopia risk factors using 2021 AAPOS recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Applebaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001837","article-title":"Detection of significant hyperopia in preschool children using two automated vision screeners","volume":"99","author":"Maguire","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3180339f5a","article-title":"Impact of confidence number on the screening accuracy of the Retinomax autorefractor","volume":"84","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0141","article-title":"Preschool vision screening tests administered by nurse screeners compared with lay screeners in the Vision in Preschoolers study","volume":"46","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000162660.14378.30","article-title":"Sensitivity of screening tests for detecting vision in preschoolers-targeted vision disorders when specificity is 94%","volume":"82","author":"Ying","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.01.022","article-title":"Comparison of preschool vision screening tests as administered by licensed eye care professionals in the Vision in Preschoolers Study","volume":"111","author":"Schmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2024.104008","article-title":"Validation of the eye screening tool GoCheck Kids for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in toddlers in Flanders","volume":"28","author":"Otto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S171935","article-title":"Evaluation of a smartphone photoscreening app to detect refractive amblyopia risk factors in children aged 1-6 years","volume":"12","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(00)80075-7","article-title":"Evaluation of the iScreen digital screening system for amblyogenic factors","volume":"35","author":"Kennedy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19950901-06","article-title":"Photoscreening for amblyogenic factors","volume":"32","author":"Ottar","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00293-1","article-title":"Screening for amblyopia in preverbal children with photoscreening photographs: II. Sensitivity and specificity of the MTI photoscreener","volume":"107","author":"Tong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib16","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pediatric eye\/vision screening. Referral criteria for the pedia vision Plusoptix S 04 photoscreener compared to visual acuity and digital photoscreening","volume":"22","author":"Clausen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kindergarten computer photoscreening. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-8531(03)00182-4","article-title":"Preschool vision screening: what should we be detecting and how should we report it? Uniform guidelines for reporting results of preschool vision screening studies","volume":"7","author":"Donahue","year":"2003","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.10.1179","article-title":"Non-cycloplegic screening for amblyopia via refractive findings with the Nikon Retinomax handheld autorefractor in 3-year-old kindergarten children","volume":"85","author":"Barry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799","article-title":"STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.009","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000}}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642025004415?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642025004415?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:43:20Z","timestamp":1786020200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642025004415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0161642025004415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Instrument-Based Screening for the Detection of Amblyopia and Amblyopia Risk Factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.07.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}