{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:38:14Z","timestamp":1792791494670,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 EY033790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 EY033790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T03:44:49Z","timestamp":1784778289000},"page":"1142-1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Anti\u2013VEGF versus Laser Photocoagulation Surgery for Primary Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"S. Grace","family":"Prakalapakorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupal H.","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara M.","family":"Cavuoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Nallasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Oatts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy L.","family":"Pineles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2023.04.004","article-title":"Causes of childhood blindness in the United States using the IRIS\u00ae Registry (Intelligent Research in Sight)","volume":"130","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.12.1684","article-title":"Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial","volume":"121","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060130517027","article-title":"Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Preliminary results","volume":"106","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007374","article-title":"Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"364","author":"Mintz-Hittner","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4161\/org.6.2.11687","article-title":"VEGF in the nervous system","volume":"6","author":"Rosenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2741\/1245","article-title":"Growth factors in the fetal and neonatal lung","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13264","article-title":"Impaired nephrogenesis in neonatal rats with oxygen-induced retinopathy","volume":"59","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15842","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab and its effects on serum VEGF and IGF-1 in infants with retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"56","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.2887","article-title":"Plasma levels of bevacizumab and vascular endothelial growth factor after low-dose bevacizumab treatment for retinopathy of prematurity in infants","volume":"140","author":"Hartnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2985161","article-title":"Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels before and after intravitreous ranibizumab injection for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.8.43","article-title":"Ranibizumab population pharmacokinetics and free VEGF pharmacodynamics in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity in the RAINBOW trial","volume":"9","author":"Fidler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02919-9","article-title":"Systemic exposure to aflibercept after intravitreal injection in premature neonates with retinopathy of prematurity: results from the FIREFLEYE randomized phase 3 study","volume":"38","author":"Stahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib13","series-title":"Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. Ages & Stages Questionnaires\u00ae","author":"Paul","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2011.35.3.369","article-title":"A comparison of the Korean-Ages and Stages Questionnaires and Denver Developmental Delay Screening Test","volume":"35","author":"Ga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(94)90011-6","article-title":"Review of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development\u2014second edition","volume":"32","author":"Nellis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Sch Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.01.012","article-title":"A review of assessments for determining the content of early intensive behavioral intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Gould","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x","article-title":"Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"39","author":"Palisano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2018.07381","article-title":"Validity of the Korean Developmental Screening Test for very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01931.x","article-title":"Utility of the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development in cognitive assessment of children with pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"63","author":"Koyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230678","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes following intravitreal bevacizumab injection in Japanese preterm infants with type 1 retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"15","author":"Arima","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1888913","article-title":"Bevacizumab and neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity: should we still worry?","volume":"35","author":"Celik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174424000151","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of visual motor integration and motor development children with retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"15","author":"Kutluturk Yikilmaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3218","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes following bevacizumab injections for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"137","author":"Morin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.10.020","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes for retinopathy of prematurity: a Taiwan premature infant follow-up network database study","volume":"247","author":"Chiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5177401","article-title":"Evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature twins (multigestations) with retinopathy of prematurity receiving anti-VEGF: a comparison study","volume":"2022","author":"Ghassemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2017.10.006","article-title":"Medical and developmental outcomes of bevacizumab versus laser for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"22","author":"Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00195-4","article-title":"2-year outcomes of ranibizumab versus laser therapy for the treatment of very low birthweight infants with retinopathy of prematurity (RAINBOW extension study): prospective follow-up of an open label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Marlow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.8383","article-title":"Intravitreal aflibercept vs laser therapy for retinopathy of prematurity: two-year efficacy and safety outcomes in the nonrandomized controlled trial FIREFLEYE next","volume":"7","author":"Stahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102567","article-title":"Ranibizumab versus laser therapy for the treatment of very low birthweight infants with retinopathy of prematurity (RAINBOW): five-year outcomes of a randomised trial","volume":"71","author":"Marlow","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0420-z","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants treated with intravitreal bevacizumab versus laser","volume":"39","author":"Raghuram","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20180129-07","article-title":"Outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab and diode laser photocoagulation for treatment-warranted retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.4787","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"141","author":"Karmouta","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20190605-01","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes comparing bevacizumab to laser for type 1 ROP","volume":"50","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710556","article-title":"Bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity: 2-year neurodevelopmental follow-up","volume":"38","author":"Zayek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S378520","article-title":"Postnatal growth trajectories and neurodevelopmental outcomes following bevacizumab treatment for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20200831-02","article-title":"Two-year outcomes comparing anti-VEGF injections to laser for ROP using a commercial claims database","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312272","article-title":"Intravitreal ranibizumab versus laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity: efficacy, anatomical outcomes and safety","volume":"103","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04221-8","article-title":"Oxygen care and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in ocular and neurological prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.08.010","article-title":"Association between retinopathy of prematurity in very-low-birth-weight infants and neurodevelopmental impairment","volume":"244","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148019","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with retinopathy of prematurity and bevacizumab treatment","volume":"11","author":"Lien","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.06.034","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes following intravitreal bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity: 4- to 6-year outcomes in a prospective cohort","volume":"234","author":"Chou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05137-9","article-title":"Comparison of 5-year safety and efficacy of laser photocoagulation and intravitreal bevacizumab injection in retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"259","author":"Murakami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06486-x","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of the cognitive function in children after intravitreal ranibizumab for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"262","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib48","first-page":"894","article-title":"Relations between neurocognitive function and visual acuity: a cross-sessional study in a cohort of premature children","volume":"11","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004222","article-title":"Administering intravitreal bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity: 8-year cognitive outcomes in a prospective cohort","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib50","article-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2025","journal-title":"Treasure Island, FL: Statpearls"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.732","article-title":"Agreement between Bayley Scales second and third edition assessments of very low-birth-weight infants","volume":"166","author":"Silveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000110","article-title":"Predictive validity of the Bayley, third edition at 2 years for intelligence quotient at 4 years in preterm infants","volume":"35","author":"Bode","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231317","article-title":"Predictive validity in middle childhood of short tests of early childhood development used in large scale studies compared to the Bayley-III, the family care indicators, height-for-age, and stunting: a longitudinal study in Bogota, Colombia","volume":"15","author":"Rubio-Codina","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000264","article-title":"Assessing development across cultures: Invariance of the Bayley-III scales across seven international MAL-ED sites","volume":"33","author":"Pendergast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105134","article-title":"Early visual and neuro-development in preterm infants with and without retinopathy","volume":"148","author":"Ricci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00307","article-title":"Cognitive development trajectories in preterm children with very low birth weight longitudinally followed until 11 years of age","volume":"10","author":"Stalnacke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016164202600326X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016164202600326X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:25:19Z","timestamp":1787124319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016164202600326X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S016164202600326X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anti\u2013VEGF versus Laser Photocoagulation Surgery for Primary Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Academy of Ophthalmology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}