{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:40:50Z","timestamp":1792708850237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012159","name":"Myelin Repair Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012159","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of War","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021057","name":"Luminopia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001209","name":"Knights Templar Eye Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007745","name":"Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children&apos;s Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aaojournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:57:03Z","timestamp":1792616223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OCT to Assess Risk of Progression of Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Moss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isdin","family":"Oke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Dinkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mays A.","family":"El-Dairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Gaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubrey L.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"MacIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy L.","family":"Pineles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gena","family":"Heidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007035","article-title":"The prevalence of MS in the United States: a population-based estimate using health claims data","volume":"92","author":"Wallin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512469694","article-title":"\"Seeing\" in NARCOMS: a look at vision-related quality of life in the NARCOMS registry","volume":"19","author":"Salter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530360035014","article-title":"Quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Comparison with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Rudick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.11.032","article-title":"Ganglion cell loss in relation to visual disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001717","article-title":"Normative data and conversion equation for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in an international healthy control cohort","volume":"42","author":"Kenney","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.06.060","article-title":"Natural history of the visual impairment of relapsing neuromyelitis optica","volume":"114","author":"Merle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.004","article-title":"Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial","volume":"115","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30278-8","article-title":"Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Petzold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25462","article-title":"Optimal intereye difference thresholds by optical coherence tomography in multiple sclerosis: an international study","volume":"85","author":"Nolan-Kenney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22005","article-title":"Longitudinal study of vision and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Talman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000295995.46586.ae","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer is associated with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Gordon-Lipkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","article-title":"Treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"133","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000737","article-title":"Phases and phenotypes of multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Kantarci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106756","article-title":"Diagnostic evolution in multiple sclerosis: a narrative review of the McDonald criteria from 2001 to 2024","volume":"104","author":"Agrawal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"325","author":"McGinley","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1376","article-title":"Probast: a tool to assess the risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies","volume":"170","author":"Wolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517740216","article-title":"Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer as measured by optical coherence tomography is a prognostic biomarker not only for physical but also for cognitive disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Bsteh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520935724","article-title":"Macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thinning as a biomarker of disability progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Bsteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221097566","article-title":"Retinal layer thinning as a biomarker of long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Berek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S295610","article-title":"Evaluation of retinal layer thickness parameters as biomarkers in a real-world multiple sclerosis cohort","volume":"13","author":"Sch\u00fcrz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332332","article-title":"Predictive value of retinal atrophy for cognitive decline across disease duration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Alba-Arbalat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200269","article-title":"Individual prognostication of disease activity and disability worsening in multiple sclerosis with retinal layer thickness z scores","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334801","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: cross-sectional and longitudinal exploratory analysis from the MS-smart randomised controlled trial","volume":"96","author":"De Angelis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15718","article-title":"Retinal layer thickness predicts disability accumulation in early relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Bsteh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001051","article-title":"Increased serum neurofilament light and thin ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer are additive risk factors for disease activity in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15681","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell loss is associated with future disability worsening in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Wauschkuhn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020606","article-title":"Serum neurofilaments and OCT metrics predict EDSS-plus score progression in early relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Tiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07664-9","article-title":"Early reduction of retinal thickness predicts physical and cognitive disability in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: results from a cross-sectional study","volume":"45","author":"Toscano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520917924","article-title":"Predictive value of optical coherence tomography, multifocal visual evoked potentials, and full-field visual evoked potentials of the fellow, non-symptomatic eye for subsequent multiple sclerosis development in patients with acute optic neuritis","volume":"27","author":"Pihl-Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14416","article-title":"Inner retinal layer thinning in radiologically isolated syndrome predicts conversion to multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Aly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2058","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011788","article-title":"Association of spectral-domain OCT with long-term disability worsening in multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Lambe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14829","article-title":"Retinal layer thinning predicts treatment failure in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Bsteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251332499","article-title":"Slower retinal thinning over a year predicts continuous neda status at follow-up in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal OCT study","volume":"31","author":"El Ayoubi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e784","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207507","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of adding the optic nerve region assessed by optical coherence tomography to the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis","volume":"101","author":"Bsteh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207805","article-title":"Adding the optic nerve in multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria: a longitudinal, prospective, multicenter study","volume":"102","author":"Vidal-Jordana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-02930-3","article-title":"Comparison of machine learning methods using spectralis OCT for diagnosis and disability progression prognosis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Montolio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15722","article-title":"The macular retinal ganglion cell layer as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in multiple sclerosis: a deep learning approach","volume":"102","author":"Montolio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.10.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"172","author":"Leray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823","article-title":"The OSCAR-IB consensus criteria for retinal OCT quality assessment","volume":"7","author":"Tewarie","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200458","article-title":"Influence of OSCAR-IB criteria on test-retest reliability of Cirrus HD-OCT retinal thickness measurements in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Bacchetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00270-4","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the mcdonald criteria","volume":"24","author":"Montalban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642026005786?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0161642026005786?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:28:25Z","timestamp":1792708105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0161642026005786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0161642026005786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-6420"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-6420","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"OCT to Assess Risk of Progression of Multiple Sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2026.08.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Academy of Ophthalmology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}