{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T06:07:32Z","timestamp":1791094052536,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,21]],"date-time":"2009-11-21T07:10:50Z","timestamp":1258787450000},"page":"702-716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Treatment of accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Pilar Cacho","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Garc\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Ruiz-Cantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199702000-00023","article-title":"Prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions in a population of university students","volume":"74","author":"Porcar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2001.00540.x","article-title":"General binocular disorders: prevalence in a clinic population","volume":"21","author":"Lara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0275-5408(86)90096-7","article-title":"Convergence insufficiency in a rural population","volume":"6","author":"Pickwell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib4","first-page":"194","article-title":"Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among elementary school children","volume":"50","author":"Letourneau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can J Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1992.tb01010.x","article-title":"The prevalence of vergence accommodation disorders in a school-age population","volume":"75","author":"Dwyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib6","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prevalence of vision and ocular disease conditions in a clinical pediatric population","volume":"67","author":"Scheiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199802000-00012","article-title":"Frequency of convergence insufficiency in optometry clinic setting. CIRS group","volume":"75","author":"Rouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199909000-00022","article-title":"Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. The convergence insufficiency and reading study (CIRS) group","volume":"76","author":"Rouse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib9","first-page":"25","article-title":"Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children","volume":"74","author":"Borsting","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-005-4722-4","article-title":"Asthenopia in schoolchildren, orthoptic and ophthalmological findings and treatment","volume":"111","author":"Abdi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1991.tb04622.x","article-title":"Clinical criteria for vergence accommodation dysfunction","volume":"74","author":"Dwyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199904000-00025","article-title":"Prospective comparison of convergence insufficiency and normal binocular children on CIRS symptom surveys. Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group","volume":"76","author":"Borsting","year":"1999","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200209000-00013","article-title":"Diagnostic signs of accommodative insufficiency","volume":"79","author":"Cacho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00140808","article-title":"Accommodative dysfunction","volume":"55","author":"Daum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib15","first-page":"48","article-title":"How to find and treat accommodative disorders","author":"Weisz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198401000-00003","article-title":"Convergence insufficiency","volume":"61","author":"Daum","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Op"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.1.14","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of treatments for convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"123","author":"Scheiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200312000-00014","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in children aged 9 to 18 years","volume":"80","author":"Borsting","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2004.00202.x","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the revised convergence insufficiency symptom survey in adults","volume":"24","author":"Rouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000216097.78951.7b","article-title":"Accommodative insufficiency is the primary source of symptoms in children diagnosed with convergence insufficiency","volume":"83","author":"Marran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00364.x","article-title":"Accommodation and the relationship to subjective symptoms with near work for young school children","volume":"26","author":"Sterner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib22","first-page":"578","article-title":"Binocular anomalies and reading problems","volume":"58","author":"Simons","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970500455436","article-title":"The relationship between convergente insufficiency and ADHD","volume":"13","author":"Granet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702240","article-title":"Visual function and ocular features in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without treatment with stimulants","volume":"21","author":"Gr\u00f6unland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199504000-00002","article-title":"The influence of refractive correction upon disorders of vergence and accommodation","volume":"72","author":"Dwyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197105000-00001","article-title":"An evaluation of prism prescribed by Sheard's criterion","volume":"48","author":"Worrell","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198806000-00004","article-title":"Visual therapy results for convergence insufficiency: a literature review","volume":"65","author":"Grisham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200203000-00009","article-title":"A survey of treatment modalities for convergence insufficiency","volume":"79","author":"Scheiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198403000-00006","article-title":"Predicting results in the orthoptic treatment of accommodative dysfunction","volume":"61","author":"Daum","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000171331.36871.2f","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of vision therapy\/orthoptics versus pencil pushups for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in young adults","volume":"82","author":"Scheiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.068197","article-title":"Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Study Group. Randomised clinical trial of the effectiveness of base-in prism reading glasses versus placebo reading glasses for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"89","author":"Scheiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib32","first-page":"119","article-title":"The efficacy of visual therapy: accommodative disorders and non-strabismic anomalies of binocular vision","volume":"57","author":"Suchoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib33","first-page":"735","article-title":"The scientific basis for and efficacy of optometric vision therapy in nonstrabismic accommodative and vergence disorders","volume":"73","author":"Ciuffreda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198604000-00002","article-title":"Characteristics of exodeviations: II. Changes with treatment with orthoptics","volume":"63","author":"Daum","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Optom Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198706000-00008","article-title":"Reduction of asthenopia after accommodative facility training","volume":"64","author":"Cooper","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Optom Phisiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib36","first-page":"158","article-title":"Acute accommodative and convergence insufficiency","volume":"87","author":"Mazow","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164657","article-title":"Follow-up results of a combination of accommodation and convergence insufficiency in school-age children and adolescents","volume":"230","author":"Matsuo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Graef Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199302000-00009","article-title":"A prospective study of treatment of accommodative insufficiency","volume":"70","author":"Russell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib39","first-page":"81","article-title":"The efficacy of vision therapy for convergence excess","volume":"68","author":"Gallaway","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib40","first-page":"225","article-title":"Efficacy of vision therapy for convergence insufficiency in an adult male population","volume":"70","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Optom Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.2002.00080.x","article-title":"Efficacy of treatment for convergence insufficiency using vision therapy","volume":"22","author":"Adler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200204000-00013","article-title":"The effectiveness of pencil pushups treatment for convergence insufficiency: a pilot study","volume":"79","author":"Gallaway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1372","article-title":"Effects of orthoptic treatment on the CA\/C and AC\/A ratios in convergence insufficiency","volume":"47","author":"Brautaset","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthal Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/09273970601026185","article-title":"Are orthoptic exercises an effective treatment for convergence and fusion deficiencies?","volume":"14","author":"Aziz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib45","series-title":"Clinical management of binocular vision","author":"Scheiman","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181989252","article-title":"the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Investigator Group. Validity of the convergence insufficiency symptom survey: a confirmatory study","volume":"56","author":"Rouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.10.1336","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children","volume":"126","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophtahlmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701772037","article-title":"The convergence insufficiency treatment trial: design, methods, and baseline data","volume":"15","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318169288a","article-title":"the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Invesigator Group. Feasibility of using placebo vision therapy in a multicenter clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Kulp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2693","article-title":"Effectiveness of placebo therapy for maintaining masking in a clinical trial of vergence\/accommodative therapy","volume":"50","author":"Kulp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31819fa712","article-title":"Treatment of convergence insufficiency in childhood: a current perspective","volume":"86","author":"Scheiman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Optometry - Journal of the American Optometric Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529183909003728?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1529183909003728?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T20:25:55Z","timestamp":1558643155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1529183909003728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1529183909003728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optm.2009.06.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1529-1839"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1529-1839","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}}}