{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:01:08Z","timestamp":1781895668232,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,12]],"date-time":"2019-04-12T11:53:16Z","timestamp":1555069996000},"page":"724-733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Precursors and Development of Geographic Atrophy with Autofluorescence Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Holmen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce","family":"Aul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong W.","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph Moeller","family":"Trane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Blodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci","family":"Clemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitha","family":"Domalpally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S92359","article-title":"Geographic atrophy in patients with advanced dry age-related macular degeneration: current challenges and future prospects","volume":"9","author":"Danis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.564","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Freidman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.044","article-title":"Systemic complement inhibition with eculizumab for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: the COMPLETE study","volume":"121","author":"Yehoshua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.1544","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lampalizumab for geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: Chroma and Spectri phase 3 randomized clinical trials","volume":"136","author":"Holz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.05.028","article-title":"Progression of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: AREDS2 report 16","volume":"125","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.11.041","article-title":"Progression of geographic atrophy and impact of fundus autofluorescence patterns in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"143","author":"Holz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.06.025","article-title":"Evaluation of geographic atrophy from color photographs and fundus autofluorescence images: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 report number 11","volume":"123","author":"Domalpally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.024","article-title":"Randomized trial to evaluate tandospirone in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: the GATE Study","volume":"160","author":"Jaffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf1443","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1443","article-title":"Targeting factor D of the alternative compliment pathway reduces geographic atrophy progression secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Yaspan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.036","article-title":"Natural history of geographic atrophy progression secondary to age-related macular degeneration (Geographic Atrophy Progression Study)","volume":"123","author":"Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.05.009","article-title":"Increased fundus autofluorescence and progression of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: the GAIN Study","volume":"160","author":"Biarn\u00e9s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthlamol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.12.002","article-title":"Imaging protocols in clinical studies in advanced age-related macular degeneration: recommendations from Classification of Atrophy Consensus Meetings","volume":"124","author":"Holz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.08.030","article-title":"Retinal precursors and the development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.034","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-defined changes preceding the development of drusen-associated atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"121","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16211","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence characteristics of nascent geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23315","article-title":"Multimodal imaging patterns for development of central atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration","volume":"59","author":"Thiele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.043","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic comparison of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence in patients with geographic atrophy","volume":"118","author":"Sayegh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib18","first-page":"718","article-title":"In\u00a0vivo fluorescence of the ocular fundus exhibits retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Delori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.007","article-title":"Histologic basis of variations in retinal pigment epithelium autofluorescence in eyes with geographic atrophy","volume":"120","author":"Rudolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.05.027","article-title":"The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2): study design and baseline characteristics (AREDS2 report number 1)","volume":"119","author":"Chew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.027","article-title":"Directional kinetics of geographic atrophy progression in age-related macular degeneration with foveal sparing","volume":"122","author":"Lindner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.029","article-title":"Incidence and progression of geographic atrophy: observations from a population-based cohort","volume":"120","author":"Joachim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib23","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Fundus autofluorescence and development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"42","author":"Holz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.572","article-title":"Square root transformation of geographic atrophy area measurements to eliminate dependence of growth rates on baseline lesions measurements: a reanalysis of age-related eye disease study report no. 26","volume":"131","author":"Feuer","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.198","article-title":"Change in area of geographic atrophy in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report number 26","volume":"127","author":"Lindblad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0892","article-title":"Correlation between the area of increased autofluorescence surrounding geographic atrophy and disease progression in patients with AMD","volume":"47","author":"Schmitz-Valckenber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.10.029","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen and their association with age-related macular degeneration: the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study","volume":"123","author":"Finger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.02.043","article-title":"Pseudodrusen and incidence of late age-related macular degeneration in fellow eyes in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials","volume":"123","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7362","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11073","article-title":"Association between geographic atrophy progression and reticular pseudodrusen in eyes with dry age-related macular degeneration","volume":"54","author":"Marsiglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653018306729?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653018306729?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:26:14Z","timestamp":1762853174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468653018306729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468653018306729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Precursors and Development of Geographic Atrophy with Autofluorescence Imaging","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Retina","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}