{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:39:01Z","timestamp":1792269541186,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012415","name":"Biomedical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T04:54:53Z","timestamp":1598417693000},"page":"458-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Patterns and Determinants of Choroidal Thickness in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngseok","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Chung","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4113-0162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5307-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beau J.","family":"Fenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai Xiong","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-4426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kengo","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice Marie","family":"Jordan-Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin Yi Chong","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usha","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemmy Chui Ming","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib1","first-page":"883","article-title":"Choroidal blood flow as a heat dissipating mechanism in the macula","volume":"92","author":"Parver","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.53.11.721","article-title":"Blood supply of the optic nerve head and its role in optic atrophy, glaucoma, and oedema of the optic disc","volume":"53","author":"Hayre","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib3","first-page":"3117","article-title":"Metabolic dependence of photoreceptors on the choroid in the normal and detached retina","volume":"41","author":"Linsenmeier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182953df4","article-title":"Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy","volume":"33","author":"Warrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5252","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14959","article-title":"Pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy may masquerade as acute retinal pigment epitheliitis","volume":"55","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.148","article-title":"The expanded spectrum of focal choroidal excavation","volume":"129","author":"Margolis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000774","article-title":"Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: a distinct disease or manifestation of many?","volume":"36","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001346","article-title":"Choroidal morphology in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and normal or subnormal subfoveal choroidal thickness","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.09.012","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"118","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001689","article-title":"Disease expression in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration varies with choroidal thickness","volume":"38","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8907","article-title":"Choroidal changes associated with reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"53","author":"Querques","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/01.iae.0000434566.57189.37","article-title":"Incidence and characteristics of neovascularization in fellow eyes of Japanese patients with unilateral retinal angiomatous proliferation","volume":"34","author":"Sawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.12.008","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot study of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of the choroid in normal eyes","volume":"147","author":"Margolis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e358","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12059","article-title":"Choroidal vessel diameter in central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10351","article-title":"Reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements with enhanced depth imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066","article-title":"Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"120","author":"Branchini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8836","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness in normal eyes of Japanese using different SD-OCT devices","volume":"53","author":"Yamashita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9435","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of manual choroidal volume measurements using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Chhablani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.002","article-title":"Reproducibility of choroidal thickness measurements across three spectral domain optical coherence tomography systems","volume":"119","author":"Branchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7019","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8046","article-title":"Spatial distribution of posterior pole choroidal thickness by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8438","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8108","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in relation to sex and axial length in 93 Danish university students","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.258","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in both eyes of patients with unilaterally active central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5536","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6811","article-title":"Reproducibility of retinal and choroidal thickness measurements in enhanced depth imaging and high-penetration optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Ikuno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4971","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7729","article-title":"Macular choroidal thickness and volume in normal subjects measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"52","author":"Hirata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.04.018","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in normal eyes measured using Cirrus HD optical coherence tomography","volume":"150","author":"Manjunath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4383","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy Japanese subjects","volume":"51","author":"Ikuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.05.032","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"146","author":"Spaide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.12.001","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography: imaging of the choroid and beyond","volume":"58","author":"Mrejen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312447","article-title":"Racial differences and determinants of macular thickness profiles in multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","volume":"103","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314894","article-title":"Profile of retinal nerve fibre layer symmetry in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study","volume":"104","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.11.031","article-title":"Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in a multiethnic normal Asian population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","volume":"126","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313159","article-title":"Normative pattern and determinants of outer retinal thickness in an Asian population: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","volume":"103","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.041","article-title":"Ethnic differences of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study","volume":"121","author":"Chua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.01.055","article-title":"Profiles of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in a multi-ethnic Asian population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","volume":"127","author":"Tham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314760","article-title":"Singapore Chinese Eye Study: key findings from baseline examination and the rationale, methodology of the 6-year follow-up series","volume":"104","author":"Majithia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02763.x","article-title":"Singapore Malay Eye Study: rationale and methodology of 6-year follow-up study (SiMES-2)","volume":"40","author":"Rosman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12974","article-title":"Singapore Indian Eye Study-2: methodology and impact of migration on systemic and eye outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Sabanayagam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600878844","article-title":"Rationale and methodology for a population-based study of eye diseases in Malay people: The Singapore Malay eye study (SiMES)","volume":"14","author":"Foong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3109\/09286580903144738","article-title":"Methodology of the Singapore Indian Chinese Cohort (SICC) eye study: quantifying ethnic variations in the epidemiology of eye diseases in Asians","volume":"16","author":"Lavanya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7968","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12436","article-title":"Determinants of macular thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography in healthy eyes: the Singapore Chinese Eye study","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.3692","article-title":"Association of changes in visual acuity with vision-specific functioning in the Singapore Malay Eye Study","volume":"134","author":"Fenwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27202-w","article-title":"Six-year incidence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Singaporean Indians: The Singapore Indian Eye Study","volume":"8","author":"Foo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib45","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"39","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib46","article-title":"Albuminuria and primary open-angle glaucoma: the Singapore Chinese Eye Study (SCES)","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000675","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in systemic arterial hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Akay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib48","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography and arterial hypertension: a role in identifying subclinical microvascular damage?","author":"Donati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000677","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness and corneal parameters in diabetic eyes","volume":"26","author":"Galgauskas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.156928","article-title":"Evaluation of choroidal thickness via enhanced depth-imaging optical coherence tomography in patients with systemic hypertension","volume":"63","author":"Gok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11503","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness in relation to the severity of retinopathy and macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001516","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in diabetic retinopathy assessed with swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"38","author":"Lains","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2013.27.6.433","article-title":"Comparison of choroidal thickness in patients with diabetes by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.07.048","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness: the Beijing Eye Study","volume":"120","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.03.009","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"120","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000287","article-title":"Pachychoroid: an inherited condition?","volume":"35","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001655","article-title":"Outer nuclear layer thinning in pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy","volume":"38","author":"Ersoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","article-title":"En face imaging of pachychoroid spectrum disorders with swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"36","author":"Dansingani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.08.028","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography of shallow irregular pigment epithelial detachments in pachychoroid spectrum disease","volume":"160","author":"Dansingani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib60","first-page":"58","article-title":"Choroidal thickness profile in normal Iranian eyes with different refractive status by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"32","author":"Heirani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150101-03","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography measurements of choroidal thickness in healthy eyes: correlation with age and axial length","volume":"46","author":"Abbey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-012-0128-5","article-title":"Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography of subfoveal choroidal thickness in normal Japanese eyes","volume":"56","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9555","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8076","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese subjects","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304000","article-title":"Topographic variation of choroidal and retinal thicknesses at the macula in healthy adults","volume":"98","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.05.003","article-title":"Central serous chorioretinopathy: recent findings and new physiopathology hypothesis","volume":"48","author":"Daruich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820f4b39","article-title":"Subfoveal choroidal thickness in fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy","volume":"31","author":"Maruko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0195-1","article-title":"Association between early-stage chronic kidney disease and reduced choroidal thickness in essential hypertensive patients","volume":"42","author":"Mule","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib68","first-page":"985","article-title":"Renal function and choroidal thickness using swept-source optical coherence tomography in diabetic patients","volume":"12","author":"Garrido-Hermosilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.038","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria","volume":"121","author":"Farias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182753b5a","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in relation to hypercholesterolemia on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"33","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000043","article-title":"Choroidal thickness changes after a single administration of coffee in healthy subjects","volume":"34","author":"Vural","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1584677","article-title":"Effect of fasting on choroidal thickness and its diurnal variation","volume":"44","author":"Uyar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653020303407?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653020303407?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:29:13Z","timestamp":1762853353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468653020303407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468653020303407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Patterns and Determinants of Choroidal Thickness in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Retina","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}