{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:22:37Z","timestamp":1790889757434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T11:52:49Z","timestamp":1605873169000},"page":"788-796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Aqueous Chlorhexidine Compared with Povidone-Iodine as Ocular Antisepsis before Intravitreal Injection: A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ferhina S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjodh S.","family":"Boparai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha E.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turner D.","family":"Wibblesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0179-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunir J.","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah J.","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi R.","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Spirn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell S.","family":"Fineman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.","family":"Vander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arunan","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl D.","family":"Regillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 12","key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Intravitreal injection technique and monitoring: updated guidelines of an expert panel","volume":"34","author":"Avery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.08.039","article-title":"Survey of intravitreal injection techniques among retinal specialists in the United States","volume":"151","author":"Green-Simms","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002290","article-title":"Dilute povidone-iodine prophylaxis maintains safety while improving patient comfort after intravitreal injections","volume":"39","author":"Peden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(86)90019-2","article-title":"CDC guidelines for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Guideline for handwashing and hospital environmental control, 1985. Supersedes guideline for hospital environmental control published in 1981","volume":"14","author":"Garner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.11.005","article-title":"Disinfection and sterilization: an overview","volume":"41","author":"Rutala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.01.032","article-title":"Re: Merani et\u00a0al.: Aqueous chlorhexidine for intravitreal injection antisepsis (Ophthalmology. 2016;123:2588-2594","volume":"124","author":"Shimada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001800","article-title":"Pain and antisepsis after ocular administration of povidone-iodine versus chlorhexidine","volume":"38","author":"Oakley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e808","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12981","article-title":"Aqueous chlorhexidine (0.1%) is an effective alternative to povidone-iodine for intravitreal injection prophylaxis","volume":"94","author":"Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.08.022","article-title":"Aqueous chlorhexidine for intravitreal injection antisepsis: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"123","author":"Merani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2005.00414.x","article-title":"Reduction of conjunctival bacterial flora by povidone-iodine, ofloxacin and chlorhexidine in an outpatient setting","volume":"83","author":"Barkana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.09.013","article-title":"A\u00a0simplified quantitative method for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca from the Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome International Registry","volume":"149","author":"Whitcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance","volume":"12","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20140306-08","article-title":"Meta-analysis of infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents","volume":"45","author":"Fileta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.02.034","article-title":"Outcomes and risk factors associated with endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents","volume":"118","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.11.023","article-title":"The impact of prefilled syringes on endophthalmitis following intravitreal injection of ranibizumab","volume":"199","author":"Storey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.08.037","article-title":"The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection","volume":"121","author":"Storey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.08.044","article-title":"Allergy to povidone-iodine and cephalosporins: the clinical dilemma in ophthalmic use","volume":"151","author":"Wykoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.26.6.793","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate for ocular antisepsis","volume":"26","author":"Hamill","year":"1984","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76094-5","article-title":"The corneal toxicity of presurgical skin antiseptics","volume":"97","author":"Mac Rae","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.6.357","article-title":"Aetiology and treatment of acute bacterial infection of the external eye","volume":"66","author":"Seal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.04.013","article-title":"FRCR net (FRenCh Retina specialists net). Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injections: Incidence, Presentation, Management, and Visual Outcome","volume":"160","author":"Dossarps","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1586\/17469899.2014.951331","article-title":"Update on the prevention and treatment of endophthalmitis","volume":"9","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S169143","article-title":"Endophthalmitis rates among patients receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF injections: a USA claims analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol Auckl NZ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-015-0010-y","article-title":"Endophthalmitis following intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection: a comprehensive review","volume":"1","author":"Merani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001091","article-title":"Effect of povidone iodine 5% on the cornea, vision, and subjective comfort","volume":"94","author":"Ridder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-014-0348-y","article-title":"Evaluation of corneal damage caused by iodine preparations using human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"58","author":"Shibata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/15569520903080511","article-title":"The toxic effect of different concentrations of povidone iodine on the rabbit\u2019s cornea","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cutan Ocul Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib28","first-page":"148","article-title":"[Comparison in effectiveness of sterilization between chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone-iodine]","volume":"112","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210001000403","article-title":"Preoperative gentamicin eye drops and chlorhexidine solution in cataract surgery. Experimental and clinical results","volume":"10","author":"Montan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182877585","article-title":"Povidone-iodine contact time and lid speculum use during intravitreal injection","volume":"33","author":"Friedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.15.4.635-639.1982","article-title":"Increased bactericidal activity of dilute preparations of povidone-iodine solutions","volume":"15","author":"Berkelman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.10.003","article-title":"Conjunctival flora antibiotic resistance patterns after serial intravitreal injections without postinjection topical antibiotics","volume":"157","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-007-9073-6","article-title":"The effect of povidone iodine flush versus drops on conjunctival colonization before intravitreal injections","volume":"27","author":"Safar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000901","article-title":"Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection: role of prophylactic topical ophthalmic antibiotics","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina Phila Pa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13345","article-title":"Post-surgical versus post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis: changing patterns in causative flora","volume":"47","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.2.161","article-title":"Prospective randomized comparison of 2 different methods of 5% povidone-iodine applications for anterior segment intraocular surgery","volume":"123","author":"Mi\u00f1o de Kaspar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653020304589?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653020304589?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:29:27Z","timestamp":1762853367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468653020304589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468653020304589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Aqueous Chlorhexidine Compared with Povidone-Iodine as Ocular Antisepsis before Intravitreal Injection: A Randomized Clinical Trial","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Retina","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2020.11.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}