{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:51:00Z","timestamp":1785901860269,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":368,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HE8960\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE8960\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY000509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY000509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004807","name":"California Department of Fish and Game","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T12:44:40Z","timestamp":1668689080000},"page":"307-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hyperreflective Foci in Age-Related Macular Degeneration are Associated with Disease Severity and Functional Impairment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-0203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cameron","family":"Duic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Pfau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiarnan D.L.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6545-3156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa","family":"Thavikulwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily Y.","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1147-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Cukras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(03)00030-4","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: Etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"48","author":"Ambati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31871-8","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"99","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1570","article-title":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Research Group. A simplified severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 18","volume":"123","author":"Ferris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.09.028","article-title":"Consensus definition for atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration on OCT: classification of atrophy report 3","volume":"125","author":"Sadda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","article-title":"Consensus nomenclature for reporting neovascular age-related macular degeneration data: consensus on neovascular age-related macular degeneration nomenclature study group","volume":"127","author":"Spaide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.035","article-title":"Incomplete retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: classification of atrophy meeting report 4","volume":"127","author":"Guymer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.018","article-title":"Progression of intermediate age-related macular degeneration with proliferation and inner retinal migration of hyperreflective foci","volume":"120","author":"Christenbury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.06.032","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography predictors of risk for progression to non-neovascular atrophic age-related macular degeneration","volume":"124","author":"Sleiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.010","article-title":"Documentation of intraretinal retinal pigment epithelium migration via high-speed ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography","volume":"118","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.12.034","article-title":"Histologic and optical coherence tomographic correlates in drusenoid pigment epithelium detachment in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"124","author":"Balaratnasingam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.019","article-title":"Clinicopathologic correlation of anti\u2013vascular endothelial growth factor\u2013treated type 3 neovascularization in age-related maculardegeneration","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.05.001","article-title":"Hyperreflective foci and specks are associated with delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation in nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Echols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.06.023","article-title":"Impairments in dark adaptation are associated with age-related macular degeneration severity and reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"122","author":"Flamendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.09.039","article-title":"Longitudinal study of dark adaptation as a functional outcome measure for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.11.1484","article-title":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study Group. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study severity scale for age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 17","volume":"123","author":"Davis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.005","article-title":"Decreased visual function scores on a low luminance questionnaire is associated with impaired dark adaptation","volume":"124","author":"Yazdanie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12177-008-9002-6","article-title":"A\u00a0short-duration dark adaptation protocol for assessment of age-related maculopathy","volume":"1","author":"Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Ocul Biol Dis Infor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.07.022","article-title":"Prevalence, risk, and genetic association of reticular pseudodrusen in age-related macular degeneration: age-related eye disease study 2 report 21","volume":"126","author":"Domalpally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.05.016","article-title":"OCT risk factors for development of late age-related macular degeneration in the fellow eyes of patients enrolled in the HARBOR study","volume":"126","author":"Nassisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-017-3693-y","article-title":"Proposal of a simple optical coherence tomography-based scoring system for progression of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"255","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.041","article-title":"Delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation is a functional biomarker for incident early age-related macular degeneration","volume":"123","author":"Owsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100116","article-title":"Multimodal imaging, OCT B-scan localization, and en face OCT detection of macular\u00a0hyperpigmentation in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"2","author":"Laiginhas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9813","article-title":"Spatial correlation between hyperpigmentary changes on color fundus photography and hyperreflective foci on SDOCT in intermediate AMD","volume":"53","author":"Folgar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1159\/000517520","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration: Pathophysiology, management, and future perspectives","volume":"244","author":"Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2081981","article-title":"Effect of OCT B-scan density on sensitivity for detection of intraretinal hyperreflective foci in eyes with age-related macular degeneration","volume":"47","author":"Oncel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26385","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of rod function in intermediate age-related macular degeneration with and without reticular pseudodrusen","volume":"60","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31827e25e0","article-title":"Subretinal drusenoid deposits in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Morphology, prevalence, topography, and biogenesis model","volume":"33","author":"Curcio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12842","article-title":"Reticular pseudodrusen: current understanding","volume":"102","author":"Wightman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.34","article-title":"Hyperreflective foci, optical coherence tomography progression indicators in age-related macular degeneration, Iinclude transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"62","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.03.061","article-title":"Structural changes associated with delayed dark adaptation in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"124","author":"La\u00edns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.2.3","article-title":"Automated retinal image analysis for evaluation of focal hyperpigmentary changes in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Schmitz-Valckenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.1376","article-title":"Characterization of drusen and hyperreflective foci as biomarkers for disease progression in age-related macular degeneration using artificial intelligence in optical coherence tomography","volume":"138","author":"Waldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24143","article-title":"Quantity of intraretinal hyperreflective foci in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration correlates with 1-year progression","volume":"59","author":"Nassisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653022005723?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653022005723?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:31:31Z","timestamp":1762853491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468653022005723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468653022005723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hyperreflective Foci in Age-Related Macular Degeneration are Associated with Disease Severity and Functional Impairment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Retina","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2022.11.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Ophthalmology","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}