{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:04:30Z","timestamp":1780473870385,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009416","name":"The University of Chicago Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007234","name":"University of Chicago","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007234","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:20:01Z","timestamp":1769818801000},"page":"642-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of Metformin Use and New-Onset International Classification of Diseases Coding of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason F.","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9829-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max J.","family":"Hyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Moir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Yehia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0985-9551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seenu","family":"Hariprasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitra","family":"Skondra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4401","article-title":"Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US in 2019","volume":"140","author":"Rein","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1984.01040031330019","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy","volume":"102","author":"Ferris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218242","article-title":"Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: therapeutic management and new-upcoming approaches","volume":"21","author":"Ricci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S185052","article-title":"The burden of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"12","author":"Spooner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S409103","article-title":"Through the eyes of patients: understanding treatment burden of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for nAMD patients in Norway","volume":"17","author":"Reitan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.05.017","article-title":"Visual acuity outcomes and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy intensity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients: a real-world analysis of 49 485 eyes","volume":"4","author":"Ciulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.010","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: data from an observational study","volume":"122","author":"Gillies","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305327","article-title":"Multi-country real-life experience of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration","volume":"99","author":"Holz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.3989","article-title":"Lifetime outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"138","author":"Finger","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01520-9","article-title":"Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials","volume":"402","author":"Heier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01583-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial","volume":"402","author":"Khanani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.1435","article-title":"Association of diabetes medication with open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and cataract in the Rotterdam study","volume":"140","author":"Vergroesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.1440","article-title":"Association of geroprotective effects of metformin and risk of open-angle glaucoma in persons with diabetes mellitus","volume":"133","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S200059","article-title":"The beneficial effects of metformin on cancer prevention and therapy: a comprehensive review of recent advances","volume":"11","author":"Saraei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092839","article-title":"Metformin attenuates osteoporosis in diabetic patients with carcinoma in situ: a nationwide, retrospective, matched-cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1802724115","article-title":"Stimulation of AMPK prevents degeneration of photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"115","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib17","article-title":"Metformin suppresses retinal angiogenesis and inflammation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1649156","article-title":"Association between metformin and a lower risk of age-related macular degeneration in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26422","article-title":"The common antidiabetic drug metformin reduces odds of developing age-related macular degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054420","article-title":"Association between metformin use and the risk of age-related macular degeneration in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.6331","article-title":"Association of metformin use with age-related macular degeneration: a case-control study","volume":"139","author":"Blitzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.5478","article-title":"Metformin use and age-related macular degeneration in patients without diabetes","volume":"142","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319641","article-title":"Metformin and risk of age-related macular degeneration in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"107","author":"Gokhale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672121997288","article-title":"Association of metformin and development of dry age-related macular degeneration in a U.S. insurance claims database","volume":"32","author":"Eton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.06.018","article-title":"Mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"75","author":"Ambati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000003968","article-title":"Association of metformin use with risk of newly onset neovascular age-related macular degeneration development","volume":"44","author":"Khanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112623","article-title":"Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies","volume":"108","author":"Breslow","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.09.014","article-title":"The use of the E-value for sensitivity analysis","volume":"163","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.15.21","article-title":"Oral metformin inhibits choroidal neovascularization by modulating the gut-retina axis","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6163","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA damage and repair in RPE associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.8.10","article-title":"Using advanced bioinformatics tools to identify novel therapeutic candidates for age-related macular degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Nadeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.06.003","article-title":"Relationship between oral metformin use and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2019.60.7.679","article-title":"Effect of statins, metformin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers on age-related macular degeneration","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.5567","article-title":"Association of metformin with the development of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"141","author":"Domalpally","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100741","article-title":"Potential efficacy of metformin for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Huh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1275095","article-title":"Dose-response association of metformin use and risk of age-related macular degeneration among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02245-6","article-title":"Incidence of metformin use in patients with age-related macular degeneration versus normal controls: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota","volume":"37","author":"Starr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib38","first-page":"15","article-title":"Diabetes complications severity index and risk of mortality, hospitalization, and healthcare utilization","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492003000700002","article-title":"Risk factors related to the severity of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"66","author":"Corr\u00eaa ZM da","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-022-00986-5","article-title":"High levels of FBS and HbA1c and their association with diabetic retinopathy: a study in the north of Iran","volume":"21","author":"Rasoulinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib41","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"2007","author":"Kowluru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib42","article-title":"METformin FOR the MINimization of geographic atrophy progression (METforMIN): a randomized trial","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673354","article-title":"Truven Health Analytics MarketScan databases for clinical research in colon and rectal surgery","volume":"32","author":"Kulaylat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019_bib44","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Accuracy of prescription claims data in identifying truly nonadherent patients","volume":"25","author":"Glassberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology Retina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653026000424?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468653026000424?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:35:22Z","timestamp":1780472122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468653026000424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468653026000424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6530"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6530","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association of Metformin Use and New-Onset International Classification of Diseases Coding of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Ophthalmology Retina","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oret.2026.01.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Academy of Ophthalmology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}