{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T14:15:24Z","timestamp":1786198524416,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Orthodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T08:24:51Z","timestamp":1609316691000},"page":"60-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association of hard and soft tissue factors with gingival recession in orthodontically treated patients: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9541-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashna H.","family":"Sukhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubassar","family":"Fida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb00492.x","article-title":"Gingival recession. Reappraisal of an enigmatic condition and a new index for monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Smitors","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.6.489","article-title":"The natural history of periodontal disease in man: prevalence, severity, and extent of gingival recession","volume":"63","author":"L\u00f6e","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1993.64.9.900","article-title":"Gingival recession in relation to history of hard toothbrush use","volume":"64","author":"Khocht","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.291012.x","article-title":"Labial piercing resulting in gingival recession. A case series","volume":"29","author":"Sardella","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.02.054","article-title":"Gingival recession in young adults: occurrence, severity, and relationship to past orthodontic treatment and oral piercing","volume":"134","author":"Slutzkey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0184","article-title":"The effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health. A systematic review of controlled evidence","volume":"139","author":"Bollen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0195","series-title":"Clinical orthodontics. Part I","author":"Tweed","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0200","series-title":"Newman and Carranza's clinical periodontology","author":"Newman","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70244-6","article-title":"Does orthodontic proclination of lower incisors in children and adolescents cause gingival recession?","volume":"114","author":"Ruf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-018-0212-6","article-title":"Post-orthodontic lower incisor inclination and gingival recession\u00a0\u2013\u00a0a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Tepedino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0215","first-page":"33","article-title":"A systematic review of the association between appliance-induced labial movement of mandibular incisors and gingival recession","volume":"27","author":"Aziz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust Orthod J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2010.01491.x","article-title":"Orthodontic therapy and gingival recession: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Joss-Vassalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2020.50.3.146","article-title":"Correlation analysis of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment in the anterior region: an evaluation of soft and hard tissues","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Periodontal Implant Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0230","first-page":"e1425","article-title":"Post-orthodontic position of lower incisors and gingival recession: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Ciavarella","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2003.12.026","article-title":"Factors of importance for the development of dehiscence during labial movement of mandibular incisors: a retrospective study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"127","author":"Melsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/25.4.343","article-title":"Does labial movement of lower incisors influence the level of the gingival margin? A case-control study of adult orthodontic patients","volume":"25","author":"Allais","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"issue":"11 suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.07.004","article-title":"Facial gingival tissue stability after connective tissue graft with single immediate tooth replacement in the esthetic zone: consecutive case report","volume":"67","author":"Kan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0250","series-title":"Textbook of clinical periodontology","first-page":"477","article-title":"Esthetics and periodontal therapy","author":"Seibert","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0255","series-title":"The utility arch, a comparison study during leveling","author":"Crevoisier","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0260","first-page":"402","article-title":"Periodontal condition in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals, I. Loss of attachment, gingival pocket depth and clinical growth height","volume":"43","author":"Zachrisson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90450-1","article-title":"Periodontal status of mandibular incisors following excessive proclination. A study in adults with surgically treated mandibular prognathism","volume":"91","author":"Artun","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0270","first-page":"625","article-title":"2008 JCO study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures, part 1: results and trends","volume":"42","author":"Keim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.2319\/101507-406.1","article-title":"Maxillary molar distalization with noncompliance intramaxillary appliances in Class II malocclusion. A systematic review","volume":"78","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju073","article-title":"Gingival labial recessions and the posttreatment proclination of mandibular incisors","volume":"37","author":"Renkema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.09.027","article-title":"Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements","volume":"151","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0290","first-page":"238","article-title":"Correlation between mandibular central incisor proclination and gingival recession during fixed appliance therapy","volume":"72","author":"Djeu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjy086","article-title":"Long-term evaluation of lower incisors gingival recessions after orthodontic treatment","volume":"41","author":"Pernet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(90)70115-S","article-title":"Changes in the morphology of the buccal alveolar bone of protruded mandibular permanent incisors secondary to orthodontic alignment","volume":"97","author":"Bimstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0305","first-page":"95","article-title":"The anterior alveolus: its importance in limiting orthodontic treatment","volume":"2","author":"Handelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2002.119804","article-title":"Changes in alveolar bone thickness due to retraction of anterior teeth","volume":"122","author":"Sarikaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70172-6","article-title":"Cortical bone remodelling\/tooth movement ratio during maxillary incisor retraction","volume":"114","author":"Vardimon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0635-y","article-title":"Combining virtual model and cone beam computed tomography to assess periodontal changes after anterior tooth movement","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["International Orthodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1761722720301418?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1761722720301418?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:03:46Z","timestamp":1761707026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1761722720301418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1761722720301418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1761-7227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1761-7227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Association of hard and soft tissue factors with gingival recession in orthodontically treated patients: A retrospective study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Orthodontics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ortho.2020.12.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 CEO. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}