{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:12:45Z","timestamp":1790460765628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":610,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Surgical intervention of the knee joint routinely endeavors to recreate a physiologically normal joint loading environment. The loading conditions resulting from osteotomies, fracture treatment, ligament replacements, and arthroplasties of the knee are considered to have an impact on the long term clinical outcome; however, knowledge regarding in vivo loading conditions is limited. Using a previously validated musculoskeletal lower limb model, we predicted the tibio\u2010femoral joint contact forces that occur in the human knee during the common daily activities of walking and stair climbing. The average resultant peak force during walking was 3.1 times body weight (BW) across four total hip arthroplasty patients. Inter\u2010individual variations proved larger than the variation of forces for each patient repeating the same task. Forces through the knee were considerably larger during stair climbing than during walking: the average resultant peak force during stair climbing was 5.4 BW although peaks of up to 6.2 BW were calculated for one particular patient. Average anteroposterior peak shear components of 0.6 BW were determined during walking and 1.3 BW during stair climbing. These results confirm both the joint contact forces reported in the literature and the importance of muscular activity in creating high forces across the joint. The magnitudes of these forces, specifically in shear, have implications for all forms of surgical intervention in the knee. The data demonstrate that high contact and shear forces are generated during weight bearing combined with knee flexion angles greater than approximately 15\u00b0. Clinically, the conditions that produce these larger contact forces should be avoided during post\u2010operative rehabilitation. \u00a9 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.09.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,8]],"date-time":"2003-11-08T07:13:10Z","timestamp":1068275590000},"page":"625-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["Tibio\u2010femoral loading during human gait and stair climbing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"William R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus O.","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg N.","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.83B6.9726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00155-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/arth.2001.27253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of human motion","volume":"4","author":"Andrews JG","year":"1974","journal-title":"Kinesiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200208000-00014","article-title":"Double level osteotomy of the knee: a method to retain joint\u2010line obliquity: clinical results","volume":"84","author":"Babis GC","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2002.0797"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)91399-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","unstructured":"BergmannG.HIP98\u2014Loading of the Hip Joint.2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90058-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)00105-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90164-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4533(96)00062-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198567070-00025","article-title":"Upper tibial osteotomy for osteoarthritis","volume":"67","author":"Coventry MB","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"Use of optimization techniques to predict muscle forces","volume":"100","author":"Crowininshield RD","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans ASME"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(81)90035-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CsintalanRP SchulzMM WooJ et al. Gender differences in patellofemoral joint biomechanics.Clin Orthop2002;260\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200209000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmte.1995.40.4.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","unstructured":"FehringTK OdumS GriffinWL et al. Early failures in total knee arthroplasty.Clin Orthop2001;315\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Weight and osteoarthritis","volume":"43","author":"Felson DT","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01654347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","volume-title":"Three dimensional modeling of human organs and its application to diagnosis and surgical planning","author":"Geiger B","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Determining Muscle forces in the leg during normal human walking\u2014an application and evaluation of optimization methods","volume":"100","author":"Hardt DE","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans ASME"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00053-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00039-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00124-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00084-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00259-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(84)90003-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00102-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00178-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290021801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000140546"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1406950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00003679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00340.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199006000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_PROC_1996_210_391_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199707000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)91401-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00119-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659101900303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300050501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00056-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.orthres.2003.09.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.09.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T07:28:29Z","timestamp":1700206109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.09.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.09.003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.09.003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-0266","1554-527X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-0266","type":"print"},{"value":"1554-527X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}