{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:23:22Z","timestamp":1784100202781,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":549,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The oxidation and degradation that accompany high dose gamma irradiation in air for crosslinking and sterilization are important because they could affect the clinical performance of polyethylene total joint implants. We report a clinical case of a 1000 kGy gamma\u2010irradiated, highly crosslinked ultra\u2010high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cup retrieved 24 years postoperatively. Performance evaluations included absorbed radiation dose, total wear penetration, average wear rate, crystallinity, oxidation, and equibiaxial tensile properties. A retrieved acetabular cup of the same grade of polyethylene but gamma\u2010sterilized using a conventional dose was used as control. The highly crosslinked and control cups took in about 1300 and 30 kGy of radiation, respectively, as measured using a trans\u2010vinylene index. Direct dimensional measurements revealed average wear rates of the highly crosslinked and control cups were 0.04 and 0.06 mm\/year, respectively. The oxidation index of the highly crosslinked cup was very high (0.679), but equivalent to that of a 1000 kGy irradiated reference cup. The retrieved highly crosslinked cup showed much higher equibiaxial ultimate tensile strength than the retrieved control cup. Based on these observations, the increased wear resistance and equibiaxial tensile properties that resulted from extensive crosslinking in the presence of air were partially offset by the adverse effects caused by immediate oxidation during the process. \u00a9 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,27]],"date-time":"2004-01-27T10:23:12Z","timestamp":1075198992000},"page":"828-831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Analysis of a retrieved UHMWPE acetabular cup crosslinked in air with 1000 kGy of gamma radiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Sugano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Nishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.\u2010 S.","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:1<75::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LyonsBJ JohnsonWC. Radiolytic formation and decay of trans\u2010vinylene unsaturation in polyethylene. Irradiation of polymeric materials: process mechanisms and applications.Am Chem Soc1993;62\u201373.","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1993-0527.ch005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"McKellopH ShenF. Wear of surface gradient crosslinked UHMWPE cups against damaged femoral balls.Trans Orthop Res Soc2000;0025."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010915)56:4<584::AID-JBM1131>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"1853","volume":"2","author":"Oonishi H","year":"1992","journal-title":"Encyclopedia handbook of biomaterials and bioengineering. Part A: materials"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(2001)58:2<167::AID-JBM1003>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"683","article-title":"Wear and lubrication in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"15","author":"Shikita T","year":"1972","journal-title":"Saigaiigaku"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"673","article-title":"A study for development of wear\u2010resistant plastic acetabular cup in total hip arthroplasty","volume":"49","author":"Shikita T","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Jpn Orthop Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B4.7615596","article-title":"Polyethylene sockets and alumina ceramic heads in cemented total hip arthroplasty","volume":"77","author":"Sugano N","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Surg [Br]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SunDC HalleckA SchmidigG WangA StarkC DumbletonJH. Fourier\u2010transform infrared oxidation analysis of ultra\u2010high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) implants: possible contamination from synovial fluid and serum. 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