{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:33:03Z","timestamp":1791333183852,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":426,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal Orthopaedic Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purposes of this study were to clarify the effects of rotation on two\u2010dimensional measurement of lower limb alignment for knee osteotomy using a three\u2010dimensional method and to determine whether this 3\u2010D simulation method could help with planning of knee osteotomy. We developed computer software to calculate femorotibial angle (FTA) and hip\u2013knee\u2013ankle angle (HKA) and simulate knee osteotomy from a CT\u2010based 3\u2010D bone model of the lower limb. Lower limb rotation on anteroposterior long\u2010standing radiographs was measured by superimposing the 3\u2010D bone models. Changes in alignment with limb rotation were calculated using the software. FTA after virtual closed\u2010wedged osteotomy was measured for a hypothetical case of a rotation error of the osteotomy plane in reattaching the proximal cutting surface to the distal cutting surface. For 31 varus knees in 20 patients with medial compartment arthritis, the mean rotation angle, relative to the epicondylar axis, with variable limb position was 7.4 \u00b1 3.9\u00b0 of internal rotation (mean \u00b1 SD), ranging from 8\u00b0 of external rotation to 14\u00b0 of internal rotation; the mean changes in FTA and HKA were 3.5 \u00b1 2.2\u00b0 (range, 0.4\u20138.6) and 1.6 \u00b1 1.3\u00b0 (range, 0.2\u20134.9), respectively. The FTA \u201cflexion angle\u201d (lateral view alignment from neutral AP) and the absolute HKA \u201cflexion angle\u201d correlated with the change in FTA and HKA with limb rotation, respectively (FTA, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> = 0.999; HKA, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic> = 0.993). The mean change in FTA after virtual closed\u2010wedged osteotomy was 3.2\u00b0 for internal and external 10\u00b0 rotation errors in reattaching the osteotomy plane. Rotation may affect measurement of lower limb alignment for knee osteotomy, and 3\u2010D methods are preferable for surgical planning. \u00a9 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.03.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,8]],"date-time":"2004-05-08T11:36:16Z","timestamp":1084016176000},"page":"1248-1253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Effects of rotation on measurement of lower limb alignment for knee osteotomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hideo","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Sugano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Yonenobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ochi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaki","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196951080-00005","article-title":"Tibial osteotomy in gonarthrosis","volume":"51","author":"Bauer GC","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199301000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199111000-00028","article-title":"Factors influencing long\u2010term results in high tibial osteotomy","volume":"272","author":"Berman AT","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Computer\u2010aided preoperative planning in knee osteotomy","volume":"15","author":"Chao EY","year":"1995","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199302000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0150(1999)4:5<264::AID-IGS4>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769030-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198911000-00004"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198466070-00010","article-title":"High tibial osteotomy for varus gonarthrosis. 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