{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:07:26Z","timestamp":1792624046053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,24]],"date-time":"2008-04-24T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1209047501000},"page":"537-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Malignant Otitis Externa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Carfrae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley W.","family":"Kesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-195910000-00006","article-title":"Pyocutaneous osteomyelitis of the temporal bone, mandible, and zygoma","volume":"169","author":"Meltzer","year":"1959","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196808000-00002","article-title":"Malignant external otitis","volume":"78","author":"Chandler","year":"1968","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(80)80016-0","article-title":"Histopathology of pseudomonas osteomyelitis of the temporal bone starting as malignant external otitis","volume":"1","author":"Nadol","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31805153bd","article-title":"Necrotizing external otitis: a report of 46 cases","volume":"28","author":"Franco-Vidal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200209000-00017","article-title":"Evolving resistant pseudomonas to ciprofloxacin in malignant otitis externa","volume":"112","author":"Berenholz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199108000-00004","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin: drug of choice in the treatment of malignant external otitis (MEO)","volume":"101","author":"Levenson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318039b30f","article-title":"Cranial nerve involvement in malignant external otitis: implications for clinical outcome","volume":"117","author":"Mani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000181185.26410.80","article-title":"Treatment of culture-negative skull base osteomyelitis","volume":"27","author":"Djalilian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100134929","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa in HIV and AIDS","volume":"110","author":"Hern","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199704000-00006","article-title":"Necrotizing external otitis in patients with AIDS","volume":"107","author":"Ress","year":"1997","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940111000415","article-title":"Fungal malignant otitis externa due to Scedosporium apiospermum","volume":"110","author":"Yao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib12","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Malignant external otitis and mastoiditis associated with an IgG4 subclass deficiency in a child","volume":"62","author":"Castro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Del Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(01)00483-9","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa in an infant with selective IgA deficiency: a case report","volume":"60","author":"Paul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198705000-00012","article-title":"Necrotizing external otitis in children: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"97","author":"Sobie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.5.882","article-title":"Necrotizing otitis externa during induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"84","author":"Wolff","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3109\/08880019809016578","article-title":"Necrotizing otitis externa, otitis media, peripheral facial paralysis, and brain abscess in a thalassemic child after allogeneic BMT","volume":"15","author":"Tezcan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80564-X","article-title":"Malignant external otitis in children","volume":"113","author":"Rubin","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00020840-200310000-00002","article-title":"Skull base osteomyelitis secondary to malignant otitis externa","volume":"11","author":"Sreepada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00858-2","article-title":"The changing face of malignant (necrotising) external otitis: clinical, radiological, and anatomic correlations","volume":"4","author":"Rubin Grandis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100108977","article-title":"Histopathology of the soft parts in 50 patients with malignant external otitis","volume":"103","author":"Bernheim","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(87)80030-X","article-title":"The effect of diabetes mellitus on chemotactic and bactericidal activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"4","author":"Naghibi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01397.x","article-title":"Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)","volume":"26","author":"Geerlings","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989310900407","article-title":"Characteristics of cerumen in diabetic patients: a key to understanding malignant external otitis?","volume":"109","author":"Driscoll","year":"1993","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198609000-00015","article-title":"Malignant external otitis with optic neuritis","volume":"96","author":"Holder","year":"1986","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)30316-9","article-title":"Skull base osteomyelitis: malignant otitis externa","volume":"29","author":"Slattery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.03.024","article-title":"Skull base osteomyelitis: diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in atypical presentation","volume":"133","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib27","first-page":"155","article-title":"Staphylococcal malignant external otitis","volume":"126","author":"Bayardelle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880010098023","article-title":"Necrotizing \u2018malignant\u2019 external otitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"118","author":"Barrow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198002000-00017","article-title":"Malignant external otitis in infants","volume":"90","author":"Coser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01971280","article-title":"A case of malignant external otitis involving Klebsiella oxytoca","volume":"11","author":"Garcia Rodriguez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411100425","article-title":"Pseudomonas cepacia of the temporal bone: malignant external otitis in a patient with cystic fibrosis","volume":"111","author":"Dettelbach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1988.01860170084024","article-title":"Necrotizing otitis externa due to Aspergillus in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"114","author":"Cunningham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989010200315","article-title":"Otogenic skull base osteomyelitis caused by invasive fungal infection","volume":"102","author":"Menachof","year":"1990","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(97)90043-0","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the base of the skull secondary to Aspergillus","volume":"18","author":"Kountakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0118-7","article-title":"Otogenic skull base osteomyelitis caused by invasive fungal infection: case report and literature review","volume":"263","author":"Stodulski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2002.120699","article-title":"Skull base fungal osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent host","volume":"126","author":"Shelton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540310000247","article-title":"Malignant otitis externa due to Aspergillus niger","volume":"35","author":"Bellini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989110400216","article-title":"Osteomyelitis of the skull base, etiology unknown","volume":"104","author":"Sie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1989.01860330053016","article-title":"Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin plus rifampin for treatment of malignant external otitis","volume":"115","author":"Rubin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1987.01860090072022","article-title":"Malignant external otitis. comparison of monotherapy vs combination therapy","volume":"113","author":"Meyers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.2.7617867","article-title":"Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis: prospective comparison of CT and MR imaging in diagnosis and follow-up","volume":"196","author":"Grandis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.01.010","article-title":"MRI findings and spreading patterns of necrotizing external otitis: is a poor outcome predictable?","volume":"61","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.150.2.6228955","article-title":"Malignant external otitis: early scintigraphic detection","volume":"150","author":"Strashun","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib44","first-page":"411","article-title":"Semiquantitative skull planar and SPECT bone scintigraphy in diabetic patients: differentiation of necrotizing (malignant) external otitis from severe external otitis","volume":"35","author":"Hardoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199603000-00018","article-title":"SPECT gallium scintigraphy in malignant external otitis: initial staging and follow-up. Case reports","volume":"106","author":"Stokkel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198209000-00011","article-title":"Nuclear scanning in necrotizing progressive \u201cmalignant\u201d external otitis","volume":"92","author":"Parisier","year":"1982","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948909800912","article-title":"Use of ceftazidime for malignant external otitis","volume":"98","author":"Kimmelman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.2.173","article-title":"Malignant external otitis: report on therapy with ceftazidime and review of therapy and prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2002.34689","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance and therapy","volume":"17","author":"Cunha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198809000-00006","article-title":"The evolving treatment of necrotizing external otitis","volume":"98","author":"Kraus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0033-y","article-title":"Value of hyperbaric oxygen in bacterial and fungal malignant external otitis treatment","volume":"263","author":"Narozny","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1989.01860360072021","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygenation for necrotizing (malignant) otitis externa","volume":"115","author":"Shupak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880010093022","article-title":"Adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen in malignant external otitis","volume":"118","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004617.pub2","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant treatment for malignant otitis externa","volume":"2","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666508000054?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666508000054?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T12:27:39Z","timestamp":1708864059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030666508000054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030666508000054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2008.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-6665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-6665","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}}}