{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T07:45:27Z","timestamp":1770536727570,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":362,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T08:06:42Z","timestamp":1646381202000},"page":"315-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cushing Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"David P.","family":"Bray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rima S.","family":"Rindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem A.","family":"Dawoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson M.","family":"Oyesiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib1","series-title":"The pituitary body and its disorders: clinical states produced by disorders of the hypophysis cerebri","author":"Cushing","year":"1912"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib2","first-page":"318","article-title":"The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism)","volume":"21","author":"Cushing","year":"1964","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31826d5d06","article-title":"Pituitary centers of excellence","volume":"71","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0838-2","article-title":"Criteria for the definition of Pituitary Tumor Centers of Excellence (PTCOE): a Pituitary Society statement","volume":"20","author":"Casanueva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0394-8","article-title":"Clinical consequences of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Valassi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(52)90027-2","article-title":"The natural history of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Plotz","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.010","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Pivonello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib8","first-page":"404","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s disease: pathobiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"126","author":"Lonser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib9","first-page":"117","article-title":"Incidence and late prognosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a population-based study","volume":"86","author":"Lindholm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02486.x","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in Cushing\u2019s disease: an epidemiological approach","volume":"40","author":"Etxabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib11","first-page":"159","article-title":"Epidemiology of pituitary tumors","author":"Ambrosi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pituit Adenomas New Trends Basic Clin Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14068.RA","article-title":"Cushing disease: highlighting the importance of early diagnosis for both de novo and recurrent disease in light of evolving treatment patterns","volume":"20","author":"Lamos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"9258","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04172-6","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"357","author":"Boscaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3604","article-title":"Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Lonser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12299","article-title":"Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s disease: gender-related differences","volume":"80","author":"Zilio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107247","article-title":"Comparative effects of angiotensin and ACTH on cyclic AMP and steroidogenesis in isolated bovine adrenal cells","volume":"52","author":"Peytremann","year":"1973","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-3-1121","article-title":"Effects of synthetic ovine corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoids, catecholamines, neurohypophysial peptides, and other substances on cultured corticotropic cells","volume":"113","author":"Vale","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360060174027","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"145","author":"Burch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2005.01.010","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Pivonello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib20","first-page":"2664","article-title":"Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease after five years of successful cure","volume":"84","author":"Colao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04206.x","article-title":"Clinical relevance of cardiac structure and function abnormalities in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome before and after cure","volume":"76","author":"Toja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12094","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"78","author":"van der Pas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1661","article-title":"Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Stuijver","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-005-1051-2","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome and bone","volume":"7","author":"Mancini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0272","article-title":"The European Registry on Cushing\u2019s syndrome: 2-year experience. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics","volume":"165","author":"Valassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5998","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5998.678","article-title":"The immunological hazard of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Britton","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200111000-00018","article-title":"Elevated cortisol levels in Cushing\u2019s disease are associated with cognitive decrements","volume":"63","author":"Starkman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700611037","article-title":"Cognitive decline in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Forget","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90079-F","article-title":"Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Starkman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","article-title":"The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"Nieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib31","first-page":"647","article-title":"The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome and pseudo-Cushing\u2019s states","volume":"19","author":"Newell-Price","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-1-165","article-title":"The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Nieman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-2-180","article-title":"An overnight high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for rapid differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib34","first-page":"343","article-title":"Selective excision of adenomas originating in or extending into the pituitary stalk with preservation of pituitary function","volume":"87","author":"Mason","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","article-title":"Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement","volume":"88","author":"Arnaldi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.17290","article-title":"Cushing syndrome: diagnostic workup and imaging features, with clinical and pathologic correlation","volume":"209","author":"Wagner-Bartak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib37","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Comparison of MRI techniques for detecting microadenomas in Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"128","author":"Grober","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34989","article-title":"Cavernous sinus sampling in selected cases of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"110","author":"Flitsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib39","first-page":"1602","article-title":"Cavernous sinus sampling is highly accurate in distinguishing Cushing\u2019s disease from the ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome and in predicting intrapituitary tumor location","volume":"84","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120207","article-title":"Preoperative lateralization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas by bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal venous sinus sampling","volume":"312","author":"Oldfield","year":"1985","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3943","article-title":"The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"98","author":"Wind","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank G, Pasquini E. Endoscopic endonasal cavernous sinus surgery, with special reference to pituitary adenomas. In: Frontiers of hormone research. Vol 34. ; 2006:64-82.","DOI":"10.1159\/000091573"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib43","first-page":"206","article-title":"History of endoscopic skull base surgery: its evolution and current reality","volume":"107","author":"Prevedello","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib44","first-page":"713","article-title":"Skull base reconstruction in the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for suprasellar lesions","volume":"107","author":"Cavallo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.2.3562821","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas in patients with Cushing disease: initial experience with Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging","volume":"163","author":"Dwyer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31827b966a","article-title":"Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease: techniques, outcomes, and predictors of remission","volume":"72","author":"Starke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib47","first-page":"7","article-title":"Development of a histological pseudocapsule and its use as a surgical capsule in the excision of pituitary tumors","volume":"104","author":"Oldfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"CN","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx378","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s disease: lessons learned from 1500 cases","volume":"64","author":"Oldfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib49","first-page":"205","article-title":"Subclinical adenoma of the pituitary gland","volume":"12","author":"Costello","year":"1936","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"The medial wall of the cavernous sinus. Part 1: surgical anatomy, ligaments, and surgical technique for its mobilization and\/or resection","author":"Truong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib51","first-page":"131","article-title":"The medial wall of the cavernous sinus. Part 2: selective medial wall resection in 50 pituitary adenoma patients","volume":"131","author":"Cohen-Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4","article-title":"A\u00a0novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap","volume":"116","author":"Hadad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1 SUPPL","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib53","first-page":"44","article-title":"Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap","volume":"63","author":"Kassam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib54","first-page":"33","article-title":"Results of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease in patients with no histologically confirmed tumor","volume":"47","author":"Sheehan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-2493","article-title":"Crooke\u2019s changes In Cushing\u2019s syndrome depends on degree of hypercortisolism and individual susceptibility","volume":"100","author":"Oldfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib56","first-page":"444","article-title":"Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial comparing two multimodal opioid-minimizing pain management regimens following transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"128","author":"Shepherd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0455-z","article-title":"Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing\u2019s disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience","volume":"16","author":"Hameed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib58","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Basis of persistent and recurrent Cushing disease: an analysis of findings at repeated pituitary surgery","volume":"97","author":"Dickerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib59","first-page":"37","article-title":"Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Ram","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib60","first-page":"520","article-title":"Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"71","author":"Friedman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.12","article-title":"Management of Cushing disease","volume":"7","author":"Tritos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1818","article-title":"Treatment of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"100","author":"Nieman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30326-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of once-monthly pasireotide in Cushing\u2019s disease: a 12\u00a0month clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Lacroix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30240-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of osilodrostat in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease (LINC 3): a multicentre phase III study with a double-blind, randomised withdrawal phase","volume":"8","author":"Pivonello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib65","first-page":"738","article-title":"Radiosurgery for Cushing\u2019s disease after failed transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"93","author":"Sheehan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb03883.x","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of low-dose external pituitary irradiation for Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Littley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib67","first-page":"980","article-title":"Gamma knife surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"106","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1328","article-title":"Corticotroph tumor progression after adrenalectomy in Cushing\u2019s disease: a reappraisal of Nelson\u2019s syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Assi\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195807242590403","article-title":"ACTH-producing tumor of the pituitary gland","volume":"259","author":"Nelson","year":"1958","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666521002425?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666521002425?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T14:55:12Z","timestamp":1758466512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030666521002425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030666521002425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-6665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-6665","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cushing Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2021.12.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}