{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T21:07:42Z","timestamp":1779484062668,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:53:36Z","timestamp":1769086416000},"page":"531-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conservative Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Tasha S.","family":"Nasrollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200402000-00015","article-title":"Nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: critical review and surgical considerations","volume":"114","author":"Schlosser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib2","first-page":"63","article-title":"Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leak: diagnosis and management","volume":"13","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584229","article-title":"Management of anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"77","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib4","first-page":"188","article-title":"Management of complications from 820 temporal bone fractures","volume":"18","author":"Brodie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0059-7","article-title":"Post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage","volume":"25","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21627","article-title":"Management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: an evidence-based review with recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2003.08.032","article-title":"Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with craniomaxillofacial trauma","volume":"62","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000316014.97926.82","article-title":"Surgical management of anterior cranial base fractures with cerebrospinal fluid fistulae: a single-institution experience","volume":"62","author":"Scholsem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584890","article-title":"Contemporary trends in the management of posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"11","author":"Mourad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1997.01900070093016","article-title":"Prophylactic antibiotics for posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulae: a meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Brodie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.08.069","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid leak caused by different surgical procedures","volume":"143","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030226","article-title":"Iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid leak in endoscopic sinus surgery: topographical map and influence of skull base asymmetry","volume":"14","author":"Vinciguerra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin16.169","article-title":"Neurologic sequelae associated with delayed identification of iatrogenic skull base injury during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS)","volume":"55","author":"Kubik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22245","article-title":"Preoperative management of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with acetazolamide","volume":"9","author":"Tilak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22066","article-title":"Perioperative management in endoscopic endonasal skull-base surgery: a survey of the North American skull base society","volume":"8","author":"Roxbury","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318232e387","article-title":"Lumbar subarachnoid drainage in cerebrospinal fluid leaks after lateral skull base surgery","volume":"32","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23406","article-title":"American rhinologic society expert practice statement part 2: postoperative precautions and management principles following endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"14","author":"Douglas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23041","article-title":"Postoperative protocols following endoscopic skull base surgery: an evidence-based review with recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Abiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20150070","article-title":"Endoscopic combined \u201ctransseptal\/transnasal\u201d approach for pituitary adenoma: reconstruction of skull base using pedicled nasoseptal flap in 91 consecutive cases","volume":"73","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-005-0396-3","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases","volume":"29","author":"Yilmazlar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-018-1006-5","article-title":"Pitfalls of skull base reconstruction in endoscopic endonasal approach","volume":"42","author":"Ogiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.09.129","article-title":"Short-term bed rest is not a risk factor for venous thromboembolism after endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"192","author":"Abello","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.10.067","article-title":"Impact of postural changes on sinonasal pressure after endoscopic endonasal surgery","volume":"169","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.149","article-title":"Survey of endoscopic skull base surgery practice patterns among otolaryngologists","volume":"3","author":"Wannemuehler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.28116","article-title":"Postoperative management following endoscopic skull base reconstruction: a multidisciplinary cross-sectional survey","volume":"47","author":"Goshtasbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.10.006","article-title":"The cushing reflex and the vasopressin-mediated hemodynamic response to increased intracranial pressure during acute elevations in intraabdominal pressure","volume":"167","author":"Montorfano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(98)80031-0","article-title":"Reasons for intracranial hypertension and hemodynamic instability during acute elevations of intra-abdominal pressure: observations in a large animal model","volume":"2","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.172","article-title":"Short-term urinary catheter usage in endoscopic skull base surgery and impact on urinary tract infection and reconstructive outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812474595","article-title":"Postoperative urinary tract infection and short-term outcomes and costs in head and neck cancer surgery","volume":"148","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol--head neck surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-1033-7","article-title":"Predictive model of length of stay in hospital among older patients","volume":"31","author":"Lisk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib31","article-title":"International consensus statement on endoscopic skull-base surgery: executive summary","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30164","article-title":"Patterns of opioid usage and predictors of utilization following endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"132","author":"Kuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2015.09.015","article-title":"Comprehensive postoperative management after endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"49","author":"Tien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1791806","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of constipation on reconstructive outcomes following endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"86","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29920","article-title":"Predictors of postoperative nausea and vomiting after endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"132","author":"Birkenbeuel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.179310","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting: a simple yet complex problem","volume":"10","author":"Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000221185.08155.80","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting and pain after transsphenoidal surgery: a review of 877 patients","volume":"103","author":"Flynn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2002.12.5.6","article-title":"Perioperative management of complex skull base surgery: the anesthesiologist\u2019s point of view","volume":"12","author":"Jellish","year":"2002","journal-title":"FOC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib39","article-title":"Risk factors and management associated with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenoma","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000180204.64588.EC","article-title":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting are strongly influenced by postoperative opioid use in a dose-related manner","volume":"101","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib41","article-title":"Intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks during endoscopic endonasal tumor resection are associated with higher emesis rates and greater opioid use in the acute postoperative period","author":"Bhagavatula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.032","article-title":"Acetazolamide lowers intracranial pressure and modulates the cerebrospinal fluid secretion pathway in healthy rats","volume":"645","author":"Uldall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21188","article-title":"Acetazolamide for high intracranial pressure cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"3","author":"Chaaban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3312","article-title":"Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial","volume":"311","author":"Wall","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.068","article-title":"Clinical significance of long-term follow-up of children with posttraumatic skull base fracture","volume":"103","author":"Leibu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787090","article-title":"Role of acetazolamide in traumatic CSF rhinorrhea and otorrhea: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Madeshiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.156280","article-title":"Is acetazolamide really useful in the management of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea?","volume":"63","author":"Gosal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020152","article-title":"Conservative management of post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak following skull base surgery: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61030450","article-title":"Effectiveness of topiramate versus acetazolamide in the management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: asystematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Almaqhawi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.01.019","article-title":"The benefit of early lumbar drain insertion in reducing the length of CSF leak in traumatic rhinorrhea","volume":"142","author":"Albu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.717180","article-title":"The effectiveness of lumbar drainage in the conservative and surgical treatment of traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"133","author":"Yeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20026","article-title":"Assessing risk\/benefit of lumbar drain use for endoscopic skull-base surgery","volume":"1","author":"Ransom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2025.100467","article-title":"Are lumbar drains necessary in endoscopic trans-sellar surgery with an intraoperative high-flow leak? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Pak","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Neurosurg X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00606","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intraoperative lumbar drain in endoscopic skull base tumor resection: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.JNS172447","article-title":"Does lumbar drainage reduce postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery? A prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Zwagerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000327023.18220.88","article-title":"Techniques and complications of external lumbar drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"63","author":"Governale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.04.026","article-title":"Lumber drain morbidity in endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"101","author":"Birkenbeuel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib58","article-title":"Safety profile of select perioperative lumbar drain use after endoscopic endonasal surgery","author":"Wishart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1086\/514666","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis after basilar skull fractures: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Villalobos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratilal BO, Costa J, Sampaio C. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, ed. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2006:CD004884.pub2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004884.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004884.pub2"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894231177756","article-title":"Meningitis risk and role of prophylactic antibiotics in spontaneous lateral skull base CSF leaks","volume":"132","author":"Quimby","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.143","article-title":"Antibiotics prophylaxis for endoscopic endonasal approach for skull base tumor surgery: a meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-021-01119-w","article-title":"Central nervous system infections in immunocompromised patients","volume":"21","author":"Pruitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7305a2","article-title":"Selection of antibiotics as prophylaxis for close contacts of patients with meningococcal disease in areas with ciprofloxacin resistance \u2014 united States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"Berry","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz649","article-title":"Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults with cerebrospinal fluid leakage","volume":"70","author":"Ter Horst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30306","article-title":"Intranasal anticholinergics for treatment of chronic rhinitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"133","author":"Pang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30801","article-title":"Using ipratropium bromide nasal spray response as a screening tool in the diagnostic workup of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea","volume":"134","author":"Nulty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666525001690?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666525001690?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T20:52:48Z","timestamp":1779483168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030666525001690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030666525001690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-6665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-6665","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Conservative Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}