{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T21:08:06Z","timestamp":1779484086208,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T01:09:56Z","timestamp":1774660196000},"page":"601-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Open and Endoscopic Open-Assisted Repair of Anterior Skull Base Defects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Somtochi I.","family":"Okafor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Geltzeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1926.01130050003001","article-title":"Pneumocephalus (intracranial penumatocele or aerocele)","volume":"12","author":"We","year":"1926","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2015.05.010","article-title":"Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea","volume":"133","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812451090","article-title":"A systematic review of the endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"147","author":"Psaltis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020242","article-title":"Skull base reconstruction by subsite after sinonasal malignancy resection","volume":"16","author":"Kraimer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2023.04.015","article-title":"Anterior skull base reconstruction","volume":"56","author":"Racette","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941212100203","article-title":"Nasal floor free mucosal graft for skull base reconstruction and cerebrospinal fluid leak repair","volume":"121","author":"Suh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03465-0","article-title":"Reconstruction after endoscopic surgery for skull base malignancies","volume":"150","author":"Snyderman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3378","article-title":"Nasoseptal flap reconstruction of high flow intraoperative cerebral spinal fluid leaks during endoscopic skull base surgery","volume":"23","author":"Zanation","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4","article-title":"A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap","volume":"116","author":"Hadad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21040","article-title":"Efficacy of the pedicled nasoseptal flap without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion for repair of skull base defects: incidence of postoperative CSF leaks","volume":"2","author":"Eloy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab309","article-title":"Endonasal free flap reconstruction combined with draf frontal sinusotomy for complex cerebrospinal fluid leak: a technical report & case series","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.09.004","article-title":"Endoscopic CSF rhinorrhea closure: our experience in 267 cases","volume":"132","author":"Kirtane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 17","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib13","first-page":"47","article-title":"Traumatic, iatrogenic, and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak: endoscopic repair","volume":"7","author":"Daele","year":"2011","journal-title":"B-ENT"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21637","article-title":"Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: an evidence-based review with recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22136","article-title":"Beta-2 transferrin is detectable for 14 days whether refrigerated or stored at room temperature","volume":"8","author":"Zervos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.10.1178","article-title":"Diagnostic relevance of beta2-transferrin for the detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas","volume":"130","author":"Warnecke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.03.046","article-title":"Limits of endoscopic visualization and instrumentation in the frontal sinus","volume":"135","author":"Becker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03370-1","article-title":"Reconstruction after open surgery for skull-base malignancies","volume":"150","author":"Hanasono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of neuro-oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181715707","article-title":"Anterior and middle cranial fossa skull base reconstruction using microvascular free tissue techniques: surgical complications and functional outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Chiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824dbe77","article-title":"Free anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of complex craniofacial defects after resection of tumors of the fronto-orbitomaxillary complex","volume":"23","author":"Moiyadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699646880","article-title":"Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage: risk factors and the use of prophylactic antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101318","article-title":"Management of frontal sinus fractures: a comprehensive review and treatment algorithm from sapienza university of Rome","volume":"26","author":"Becelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675560","article-title":"Frontal sinus fractures: management and complications","volume":"12","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Reconstr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1234020","article-title":"Frontal sinus fractures: current concepts","volume":"2","author":"Strong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma Reconstr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib25","author":"Strong"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e763","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005764","article-title":"Frontal sinus preservation during cerebrospinal fluid leak repair","volume":"30","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2012.07.005","article-title":"Salvage endoscopic nasoseptal flap repair of persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak after open skull base surgery","volume":"33","author":"Eloy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200402000-00015","article-title":"Nasal cerebrospinal fluid leaks: critical review and surgical considerations","volume":"114","author":"Schlosser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000316014.97926.82","article-title":"Surgical management of anterior cranial base fractures with cerebrospinal fluid fistulae: a single-institution experience","volume":"62","author":"Scholsem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2020.1759781","article-title":"Endoscopic frontal trephination verse the osteoplastic flap in patients with frontal sinus disease after bifrontal craniotomy","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2017.31.4478","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic management of frontal sinus cerebrospinal fluid leak","volume":"31","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31818d58ba","article-title":"Twenty-six\u2013year experience treating frontal sinus fractures: a novel algorithm based on anatomical fracture pattern and failure of conventional techniques","volume":"122","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2021.06.013","article-title":"Treatment of frontal sinus fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Al-Moraissi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006717","article-title":"Indications and outcomes of the osteoplastic flap procedure with or without obliteration","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197802000-00002","article-title":"Compound frontal sinus injuries with intracranial penetration","volume":"88","author":"Donald","year":"1978","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3182468198","article-title":"Cranialization in a cohort of 154 consecutive patients with frontal sinus fractures (1987-2007): review and update of a compelling procedure in the selected patient","volume":"71","author":"Pollock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.03.293","article-title":"Skull base dural repair using autologous fat as a dural substitute: an efficient technique","volume":"127","author":"Bohoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696683","article-title":"Compartmentalization: an open technique for frontal sinus repair and preservation-description of technique and early case series","volume":"82","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721816","article-title":"Vascularized pericranial flap for endonasal anterior skull base reconstruction","volume":"83","author":"Giurintano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26574","article-title":"Radio-anatomical analysis of the pericranial flap \u201cmoney box approach\u201d for ventral skull base reconstruction","volume":"127","author":"Santamar\u00eda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30921","article-title":"Pericranial flap-based multilayer reconstruction of endoscopic transcribriform craniectomy for sinonasal malignancies","volume":"133","author":"Calvaruso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20022","article-title":"Minimally invasive endoscopic pericranial flap: a new method for endonasal skull base reconstruction","volume":"119","author":"Zanation","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e3180471482","article-title":"Transpterygoid transposition of a temporoparietal fascia flap: a new method for skull base reconstruction after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches","volume":"117","author":"Fortes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.056","article-title":"Side-door temporoparietal fascia flap: a novel strategy for anterior skull base reconstruction","volume":"126","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22609","article-title":"Quantitative determination of the optimal temporoparietal fascia flap necessary to repair skull-base defects","volume":"10","author":"Siu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-2969-z","article-title":"How I do it. The pedicled temporoparietal fascia flap for skull base reconstruction after endonasal endoscopic approaches","volume":"158","author":"Veyrat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2014.05.004","article-title":"The temporalis muscle flap and temporoparietal fascial flap","volume":"26","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27611","article-title":"Side-door temporoparietal fascia flap: first experience with a novel technique for anterior skull base reconstruction","volume":"46","author":"Bresson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.5.JNS15529","article-title":"Surgical anatomy and utility of pedicled vascularized tissue flaps for multilayered repair of skull base defects","volume":"125","author":"Safavi-Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.12.030","article-title":"Role of free tissue transfer in skull base reconstruction","volume":"136","author":"Weber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666525001793?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0030666525001793?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T20:54:23Z","timestamp":1779483263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0030666525001793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0030666525001793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-6665"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-6665","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Open and Endoscopic Open-Assisted Repair of Anterior Skull Base Defects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otc.2025.12.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}