{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:10:05Z","timestamp":1791407405799,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3485,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Halitosis can be a crippling social problem, and standard dental treatments and mouthwashes often provide only temporary relief. The mouth is home to hundreds of bacterial species that produce several fetid substances as a result of protein degradation. Volatile sulfur compound (VSC)\u2010producing bacteria colonizing the lingual dorsum have recently been implicated in the generation of halitosis. Detection of VSCs, such as methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfite, via organoleptic and objective methods, can aid in the identification of their source. Following comprehensive evaluation for possible causes, most halitosis in patients seen in an ENT practice can be localized to the tongue. We review methods of diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor from the overgrowth of proteolytic, anaerobic, gram\u2010negative bacteria on the crevices of the lingual dorsum. Bacteriologic analysis of biofilm and scraped specimens obtained from the lingual dorsum and other oral sites, primarily gingival pockets and tonsillar crypts, can identify VSC\u2010producing bacteria. <jats:italic>Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Actinobacillus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic> species are the most common organisms identified. Halitosis is an oral phenomenon, with almost no cases originating distal to the tonsils. Halitosis arising from the lingual dorsum secondary to overpopulated VSC\u2010producing bacteria can be successfully managed with a combination of mechanical cleansing using tongue brushes or scrapes and chemical solutions containing essential oils, zinc chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.09.036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,28]],"date-time":"2006-10-28T07:18:43Z","timestamp":1162019923000},"page":"671-676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["The relationship between oral malodor and volatile sulfur compound\u2013producing bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Yosef P.","family":"Krespi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology St Luke's\/Roosevelt Hospital New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark G.","family":"Shrime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Kacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Weill Medical College of Cornell University New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"The effects of antimicrobial mouth rinses on oral malodor and their status relative to FDA regulations","volume":"30","author":"Loesche WJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bad breath: Research perspectives","author":"Rosenberg M","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Halitosis in ancient literature","volume":"2","author":"Geist H","year":"1957","journal-title":"Dent Abstr"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"The breath and the diseases which give it a fetid odor","author":"Howe JW","year":"1898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Fetor oris (halitosis). 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