{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:24:33Z","timestamp":1781760273453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3638,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Otolaryngol.--head neck surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>The favorable properties of silicon nitride (Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>) ceramics, such as high mean strength level and fracture toughness, suggest biomedical use as an implant material. Minor reservations about the biocompatibility of Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> ceramics were cleared up by previous in vitro and in vivo investigations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> prototype mini\u2010fixation system was manufactured and implanted for osteosynthesis of artificial frontal bone defects in 3\u00a0minipigs. After 3\u00a0months, histological sections, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained. Finite element modeling (FEM) was used to simulate stresses and strains on Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> miniplates and screws to calculate survival probabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> miniplates and screws showed satisfying intraoperative workability. There was no implant loss, displacement, or fracture. Bone healing was complete in all animals. The formation of new bone was observed in direct contact to the implants. The implants showed no artifacts on CT and MRI scanning. FEM simulation confirmed the mechanical reliability of the screws, whereas simulated plate geometries regarding pullout forces at maximum load showed limited safety in a bending situation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Si<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>N<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> ceramics show a good biocompatibility outcome both in vitro and in vivo. In ENT surgery, this ceramic may serve as a biomaterial for osteosynthesis (eg, of the midface including reconstruction the floor of the orbit and the skull base). To our knowledge, this is the first introduction of a ceramic\u2010based miniplate\u2010osteofixation system. Advantages compared with titanium are no risk of implantation to bone with mucosal attachment, no need for explantation, and no interference with radiologic imaging. Disadvantages include the impossibility of individual bending of the miniplates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.01.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,26]],"date-time":"2006-05-26T07:27:42Z","timestamp":1148628462000},"page":"923-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Prototype of a Silicon Nitride Ceramic\u2010Based Miniplate Osteofixation System for the Midface"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Duisburg\u2010Essen Department of Otorhirolaryngology Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Unkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Duisburg\u2010Essen Department of Otorhirolaryngology Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Werry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoh U.","family":"Herborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst R.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ceramic Components in Mechanical Engineering Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rago\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ceramic Components in Mechanical Engineering Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Jahnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Duisburg\u2010Essen Department of Otorhirolaryngology Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Evolution of applications of Si3N4\u2010based materials","volume":"47","author":"Richerson DW","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mat Sci For"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00194-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00121148"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198907000-00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSM.0000046396.14073.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"734","article-title":"Biocompatibilty of silicon nitride ceramic in vitro. 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