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SP mRNA was measured with quantitative polymerase chain reaction.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS: Patients with CF (n = 4) showed significantly increased SPA1 (82\u2010fold), SPA2 (100\u2010fold), and SPD (47\u2010fold) mRNA (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) when compared with controls (n = 5). Patients with CRS with nasal polyposis (n = 5) also demonstrated elevated SPA1 (27\u2010fold), SPA2 (13\u2010fold), and SPD (13\u2010fold). Patients with AFS (n = 7) had increased SPA1 (5\u2010fold), SPA2 (9\u2010fold), and SPD (17\u2010fold), but were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>SPA1, A2, and D are upregulated in various forms of CRS, but are significantly elevated in cystic fibrosis CRS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>SIGNIFICANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the role of SPs in CRS will help develop novel treatment approaches for sinonasal pathoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.01.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,26]],"date-time":"2007-06-26T07:18:32Z","timestamp":1182842312000},"page":"34-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Sinonasal Surfactant Protein A1, A2, and D Gene Expression in Cystic Fibrosis: A Preliminary Report"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Bradford 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