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During times of decreased muscle tone, the wing\u2010like soft palate may be supported by airflow patterns, creating \u201clift.\u201d Serving as an aiming nozzle, the external nose may, by creating a curvilinear intranasal airflow pattern, adjust the \u201cangle of attack\u201d of airflow contacting the palate, thus enhancing lift and facilitating opening of the nasopharynx. This concept was tested, comparing nasopharyngeal opening and wind speed in curvilinear and linear nonanatomic models. Statistically significant differences were found, with enhanced opening in the curvilinear model. Related findings in hominid nasal bone fossil analysis show that the external nose developed contemporaneous to the development of language. These findings may have clinical implications in the management of obstructive sleep apnea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,23]],"date-time":"2010-04-23T04:51:25Z","timestamp":1271998285000},"page":"779-782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The human external nose and its evolutionary role in the prevention of obstructive sleep apnea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Howard D.","family":"Stupak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Skull shapes and the map: Craniometric analysis in the dispersion of modern homo","author":"Howells WW","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00237-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.5.2117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2008.530"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1995.01890030078013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"From Lucy to Language","author":"Johanson D","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00292403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Sleep Apnea and Snoring: Surgical and Non\u2010Surgical Therapy","author":"Friedman M","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31818d45fb"}],"container-title":["Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:18:29Z","timestamp":1760969909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otohns.2010.01.032","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0194-5998","1097-6817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0194-5998","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-6817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2009-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-01-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-06-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}