{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:37:04Z","timestamp":1790509024903,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Orthopaedics &amp; Traumatology: Surgery &amp; Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T12:44:33Z","timestamp":1662554673000},"page":"103396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The giant cell tumor during pregnancy: A review of literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Virginia M.","family":"Formica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Scotto Di Uccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Cocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmine","family":"Zoccali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0190","first-page":"2","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of bone - An Overview","volume":"4","author":"Sobti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0195","series-title":"Bone Tumors","author":"Dorfman","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20151228-04","article-title":"Giant cell tumors of the bone with pulmonary metastasis","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0205","first-page":"215","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of the sacrum","author":"Turcotte","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198603000-00007","article-title":"Characterization of cells from human giant cell tumors of bone","author":"Goldring","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0215","first-page":"576","article-title":"Giant cell tumors of the sphenoid bone","volume":"30","author":"Watkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0220","first-page":"43","article-title":"Giant cell tumors of bone in pregnancy: report of two cases","volume":"24","author":"Johnston","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E146","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000719","article-title":"Therapeutic strategy and outcome of spine tumors in pregnancy: a report of 21 cases and literature review","volume":"40","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000165","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.20.00165","article-title":"Giant cell tumor after distal radius open reduction and internal fixation in a pregnant woman: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Siesel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0235","first-page":"e19.00161","article-title":"Locally aggressive giant cell tumor of bone with pulmonary distant metastasis and extrapulmonary seeding in pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Murshed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12333","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of the mobile spine occurring in pregnancy: a case report and literature review","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0245","first-page":"E269","article-title":"Postpartum treatment of metastatic recurrent giant cell tumor of capitate bone of wrist","volume":"46","author":"Satcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2015.06.014","article-title":"Two-stage surgery on pregnant woman with a giant cell tumor of bone who refused blood transfusion: A case report","volume":"22","author":"Fujibuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.04.028","article-title":"Giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone occurring during pregnancy: successful tumor extirpation via endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery","volume":"115","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.1812","article-title":"Huge giant cell tumor of the sacrum: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31821081a2","article-title":"Giant cell bone tumor of the thoracic spine presenting in late pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Kathiresan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3348\/jksr.2011.64.5.509","article-title":"Aggressive behavior of a giant cell tumor involving the metacarpal bone during pregnancy: Case report","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-006-0123-5","article-title":"Successful pregnancy outcome with elective caesarean section following two attempts of surgical excision of large giant cell tumor of the lower limb during pregnancy","volume":"274","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E332","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000166620.57338.97","article-title":"Giant cell tumor: a case report of recurrence during pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20031201-10","article-title":"Giant-cell tumors of bone and progesterone receptors","volume":"26","author":"Demertzis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s004020050349","article-title":"Bone tumors in the pelvis presenting growth during pregnancy","volume":"119","author":"Komiya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840601)53:11<2564::AID-CNCR2820531133>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Pregnancy and aggressive or malignant primary bone tumors","volume":"53","author":"Simon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00357894","article-title":"Benign giant-cell tumours of bone with pulmonary metastases and favourable prognosis. Report on two cases and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Vanel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2017.06.013","article-title":"Does curettage-cement packing for treating giant cell tumors at the knee lead to osteoarthritis?","volume":"103","author":"Caub\u00e8re","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.05.028","article-title":"Surgical strategies for primary malignant tumors of the thoracic and lumbar spine","volume":"106","author":"Missenard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0204-x","article-title":"Histologically verified lung metastases in benign giant cell tumours-14 cases from a single institution","volume":"30","author":"Dominkus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00156","article-title":"Endometrial cancer immune escape mechanisms: let us learn from the fetal-maternal interface","volume":"10","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(53)90005-X","article-title":"Bilateral giant cell tumors of the mandible","volume":"6","author":"Armbrecht","year":"1953","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769010-00018","article-title":"Giant-cell tumor of bone","volume":"69","author":"Campanacci","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0335","first-page":"1998","article-title":"Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone. Clinicopathologic analysis of thirty cases","volume":"88","author":"Hoch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-0966-8","article-title":"Metastatic giant cell tumor of bone: are there associated factors and best treatment modalities?","volume":"468","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-017-5451-1","article-title":"Immune surveillance plays a role in locally aggressive giant cell lesions of bone","volume":"475","author":"Al-Sukaini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896914534466","article-title":"Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin expression in recurrent and metastatic giant cell tumors of bone: a potential mimicker of germ cell tumor","volume":"22","author":"Lawless","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0355","series-title":"Reproductive tumor immunology. In: Scott J, Rote N (eds) Immunology in obstetrics and gynecology","first-page":"221","author":"Jolles","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.108","article-title":"VEGF, FLT3 ligand, PlGF and HGF can substitute for M-CSF to induce human osteoclast formation: implications for giant cell tumour pathobiology","volume":"92","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100130","article-title":"Macrophages at the fetal-maternal interface express markers of alternative activation and are induced by M- CSF and IL-10","volume":"187","author":"Svensson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-117X(69)80010-7","article-title":"Central giant cell tumour of the mandible ocurringin pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"McGowan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Br J Oral Surg"}],"container-title":["Orthopaedics &amp; Traumatology: Surgery &amp; Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877056822002390?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1877056822002390?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:49:05Z","timestamp":1761796145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1877056822002390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1877056822002390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1877-0568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1877-0568","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The giant cell tumor during pregnancy: A review of literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2022.103396","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103396"}}