{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:34:08Z","timestamp":1793223248292,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","nursingoutlook.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Outlook"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T23:34:43Z","timestamp":1763681683000},"page":"102604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cWe live in a stone cage where everyone wants to be a lion\u201d: A critical discourse-ethical study for homelessness nurse-led street outreach in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241286839","article-title":"A co-produced international qualitative systematic review on lived experiences of trauma during homelessness in adulthood and impacts on mental health","volume":"26","author":"Adams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13778","article-title":"Nurse-led mental and physical healthcare for the homeless community: A qualitative evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health & Social Care in the Community"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02011-4","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to health care access for people experiencing homelessness in four European countries: An exploratory qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Carmichael","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal for Equity in Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-024-08731-9","article-title":"The use of mobile medical units for populations experiencing homelessness in the United States: A\u00a0scoping review","volume":"39","author":"Christian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib5","article-title":"Defining nurse-led models of care: Contemporary approaches to nursing","volume":"72","author":"Clarke","year":"2025","journal-title":"International\u00a0Nursing Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13403","article-title":"Advancing effective street outreach to people experiencing unsheltered homelessness: Concepts for public health nursing","volume":"41","author":"Doede","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib7","unstructured":"Estrat\u00e9gia Nacional para a Integra\u00e7\u00e3o de Pessoas em Situa\u00e7\u00e3o de Sem-Abrigo. ENIPSSA. (2024). S\u00edntese de resultados 2023 \u2013 Inqu\u00e9rito de caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o das pessoas em situa\u00e7\u00e3o de sem-abrigo: 31 de dezembro de 2023 [2023 results synthesis \u2013 Survey on the characterization of people experiencing homelessness: 31 December 2023] [Report]. Instituto da Seguran\u00e7a Social, I.P. https:\/\/www.garantiainfancia.gov.pt\/documents\/10180\/11876\/S%C3%ADntese+de+resultados+2023+-+Inqu%C3%A9rito+de+caracteriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+das+pessoas+em+situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+sem-abrigo\/6fef4b31-d76c-4c20-a80a-4e2725956b65."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib8","unstructured":"European Commission. (2021). Lisbon Declaration on the European platform on combatting homelessness. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/social\/BlobServlet?docId=24120&langId=en."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib9","unstructured":"European Federation of Nurses Associations. EFN. (2024). EFN workforce matrix on the three categories of nursing care and key principles for the development of HCAs: EFN country report (Version January, 2024). https:\/\/efn.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/EFN-Workforce-Matrix-31-Final-Oct.2016-REV-January-2024.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib10","series-title":"Language and power","author":"Fairclough","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1277562","article-title":"Labeled as \u201cdrug-seeking\u201d: Nurses use harm reduction philosophy to reflect on mending mutual distrust between healthcare workers and people who use drugs","volume":"11","author":"Febres-Cordero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7721","DOI":"10.17645\/up.7721","article-title":"Shrinking cities for economic growth? Insights from the housing sector","volume":"9","author":"Ferreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Planning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib13","unstructured":"Governo da Rep\u00fablica Portuguesa. (2024). Aprovada nova estrat\u00e9gia nacional para os sem-abrigo (2025\u20132030) [Government of the Portuguese Republic]. Government approves new national strategy for the homeless (2025\u20132030) [Press release]. Governo de Portugal. https:\/\/www.portugal.gov.pt\/pt\/gc24\/comunicacao\/noticia?i=governo-aprova-nova-estrategia-nacional-para-os-sem-abrigo-2025\u20132030#:\u223c:text=Esta%20estrat%C3%A9gia%20visa%20enfrentar%20um%20problema%20crescente,execu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20de%20promessas%20feitas%20em%20estrat%C3%A9gias%20anteriores."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523","article-title":"Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests","volume":"292","author":"Hennink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"A qualitative study exploring nursing scope of practice for the care of people experiencing homelessness","volume":"0","author":"Hollingdrake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nup.12486","article-title":"Assembling packs: Outreach nurses, disaffiliated persons, and sorcerers","volume":"25","author":"Johansson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nursing Philosophy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib17","series-title":"Naturalistic inquiry","author":"Lincoln","year":"1985"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","article-title":"Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power","volume":"26","author":"Malterud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2021). The future of nursing 2020\u20132030: Charting a path to achieve health equity\u00a0[Study report]. The National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/25982.","DOI":"10.17226\/25982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib20","unstructured":"National Academy of Medicine. (2025). Community-driven health equity action plans: Model and guide [Internet]. https:\/\/nam.edu\/our-work\/programs\/culture-of-health-program\/community-driven-health-equity-action-plans\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lessons on applying a trauma-informed research approach in health professions education scholarship","volume":"0","author":"Nolan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD. (2025). OECD monitoring framework to measure homelessness. OECD Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/3e98455b-en.","DOI":"10.1787\/3e98455b-en"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-01076-w","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of harm reduction in practice by street-based peer outreach workers","volume":"21","author":"Owczarzak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/17449871231159595","article-title":"The perspectives of homeless people using the services of a mobile health clinic in relation to their health needs: A qualitative study on community-based outreach nursing","volume":"28","author":"Paradis-Gagn\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib25","unstructured":"Pleace, N., Baptista, I., Benjaminsen, L., Busch-Geertsema, V., O\u2019Sullivan, E., & Teller, N. (2021). European homelessness and COVID-19\u00a0(Report). European Observatory on Homelessness, FEANTSA. https:\/\/www.feantsa.org\/public\/user\/Observatory\/2021\/European_Homlessness_and_COVID-19Web_%281%29.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib26","first-page":"11","article-title":"Enhancing European social and healthcare services for people experiencing homelessness: A discussion paper","volume":"18","author":"Pleace","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Journal of Homelessness"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3138\/ijfab.5.2.11","article-title":"Why bioethics needs a concept of vulnerability","volume":"5","author":"Rogers","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.70135","article-title":"Mapping marginalization: A multilevel exploration of chronic homelessness","volume":"35","author":"Sarmento","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069221124739","article-title":"Sensitive, challenging, and difficult topics: Experiences and practical considerations for qualitative researchers","volume":"21","author":"Silverio","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib30","series-title":"Moral boundaries: a political argument for an ethic of care","author":"Tronto","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib31","series-title":"Caring democracy: markets, equality, and justice","first-page":"169","article-title":"7 Caring democracy","author":"Tronto","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib32","series-title":"Methods of critical discourse analysis","first-page":"62","article-title":"Critical discourse studies: A socio-cognitive approach","author":"van Dijk","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib33","series-title":"The Routledge handbook of critical discourse studies","first-page":"26","article-title":"Socio-cognitive discourse studies","author":"van Dijk","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib34","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO. (2021). Building better together: Roadmap to guide implementation of the Global Strategic Directions for Nursing and Midwifery in the WHO European Region [Technical document]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/building-better-together--roadmap-to-guide-implementation-of-the-global-strategic-directions-for-nursing-and-midwifery-in-the-who-european-region."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604_bib35","series-title":"Methods of critical discourse analysis","author":"Wodak","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["Nursing Outlook"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002965542500257X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002965542500257X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:03:43Z","timestamp":1793221423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002965542500257X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S002965542500257X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0029-6554"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0029-6554","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u201cWe live in a stone cage where everyone wants to be a lion\u201d: A critical discourse-ethical study for homelessness nurse-led street outreach in Portugal","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Nursing Outlook","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102604","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102604"}}