{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:22:26Z","timestamp":1791285746634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013066","name":"Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023KCXTD026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KCXTD026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2304205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2304205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009659","name":"Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02-410-2405046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02-410-2405046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photoacoustics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T23:42:24Z","timestamp":1755128544000},"page":"100760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An acoustic-optic confocal probe based photoacoustic and ultrasonic tracheal endoscopy for characterizing phantom and model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lvming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kedi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9665-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61380-4","article-title":"Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends","volume":"370","author":"Mannino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Resp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.11.005","article-title":"The effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease self-management interventions on improvement of quality of life in COPD patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Cannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-013-0250-1","article-title":"Enhanced magnifying endoscopy for differential diagnosis of superficial gastric lesions identified with white-light endoscopy","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-921114","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging: potential and limitations","volume":"38","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900974","article-title":"NIR-II fluorescence endoscopy for targeted imaging of colorectal cancer","volume":"8","author":"Suo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002405","article-title":"Endoscopic optical coherence tomography: technologies and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Gora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(02)00031-6","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound","volume":"31","author":"Dye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2019.100144","article-title":"A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: current and future trends","volume":"16","author":"Attia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(01)70082-X","article-title":"Guidelines for credentialing and granting privileges for endoscopic ultrasound","volume":"54","author":"Eisen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2020.07.003","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound","volume":"100","author":"Sooklal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl17348","article-title":"Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound: technique, current status and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2022.100441","article-title":"Circular array transducer based-photoacoustic\/ultrasonic endoscopic imaging with tunable ring-beam excitation","volume":"29","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35259-5","article-title":"Optical-resolution functional gastrointestinal photoacoustic endoscopy based on optical heterodyne detection of ultrasound","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.43.001846","article-title":"Autofocusing optical-resolution photoacoustic endoscopy","volume":"43","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35014","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.469550","article-title":"Acoustic-resolution-based spectroscopic photoacoustic endoscopy towards molecular imaging in deep tissues","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.14366\/usg.14062","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging platforms for multimodal imaging","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasonography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2823","article-title":"Simultaneous functional photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy of internal organs in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3480963","article-title":"In vivo imaging and treatment of solid tumor using integrated photoacoustic imaging and high intensity focused ultrasound system","volume":"37","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01240-x","article-title":"Single multimode fibre for in vivo light-field-encoded endoscopic imaging","volume":"17","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2022.100346","article-title":"Intra-instrument channel workable, optical-resolution photoacoustic and ultrasonic mini-probe system for gastrointestinal endoscopy","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.470737","article-title":"High-fluence relay-based disposable photoacoustic-ultrasonic endoscopy for in vivo anatomical imaging of gastrointestinal tract","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photonics Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.518204","article-title":"In-vivo assessment of a rat rectal tumor using optical-resolution photoacoustic endoscopy","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2022.100333","article-title":"360\u00b0 optoacoustic capsule endoscopy at 50 Hz for esophageal imaging","volume":"25","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20881-5","article-title":"Fast assessment of lipid content in arteries in vivo by intravascular photoacoustic tomography","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26169","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.461855","article-title":"Tapered catheter-based transurethral photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopy of the urinary system","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2024.100589","article-title":"Non-invasive evaluation of endometrial microvessels via in vivo intrauterine photoacoustic endoscopy","volume":"36","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1258\/0023677011911714","article-title":"Dimensions of rabbit subglottis and trachea","volume":"35","author":"Loewen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib30","first-page":"2465","article-title":"Animal models of emphysema","volume":"132","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Beijing China Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100212","article-title":"Full three-dimensional segmentation and quantification of tumor vessels for photoacoustic images","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.06.011","article-title":"Comparison of endobronchial ultrasound and high-resolution computed tomography as tools for airway wall imaging in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"117","author":"Gorska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0247-2013","article-title":"Length and caliber of the rectosigmoid colon among patients with chagas disease and controls from areas at different altitudes","volume":"46","author":"Lopes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. da Siciedade Bras. de Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0000000000000127","article-title":"The relationship between body mass, tracheal diameter, endotracheal tube size, and tracheal stenosis","volume":"55","author":"Schiff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib35","first-page":"883","article-title":"Clinical application of antiangiogenic therapy: microvessel density, what it does and doesn\u2019t tell us","volume":"94","author":"Hlatky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Spectr. Knowl. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib36","first-page":"2411","article-title":"Microvascular architecture of experimental colon tumors in the rat","volume":"50","author":"Skinner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib37","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Effects of noise, image resolution, and ROI definition on the accuracy of standard uptake values: a simulation study","volume":"45","author":"Boellaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1113100","article-title":"Airway remodeling heterogeneity in asthma and its relationship to disease outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Hsieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802463105","article-title":"Tissue-engineered endothelial and epithelial implants differentially and synergistically regulate airway repair","volume":"105","author":"Zani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Photoacoustics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213597925000837?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213597925000837?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T16:12:21Z","timestamp":1772899941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213597925000837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2213597925000837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-5979"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-5979","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An acoustic-optic confocal probe based photoacoustic and ultrasonic tracheal endoscopy for characterizing phantom and model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Photoacoustics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pacs.2025.100760","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100760"}}