{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:14:09Z","timestamp":1790460849153,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.04.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,20]],"date-time":"2005-06-20T16:04:24Z","timestamp":1119283464000},"page":"213-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["Changes in cerebrospinal fluid levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CRPS"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Guillermo M.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"van Rijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"van Hilten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielle J.","family":"Perreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Schwartzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000049028","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"R2-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1351-5101.2003.00706.x","article-title":"Investigation of cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10) concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of female patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.","volume":"11","author":"Baraczka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R3-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1997.14.451","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in children.","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"R4-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00309-8","article-title":"Despite clinical similarities there are significant differences between acute limb trauma and complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I).","volume":"93","author":"Birklein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R5-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2003.026922","article-title":"The CSF and arterial to internal jugular venous hormonal differences during exercise in humans.","volume":"89","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"R6-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1996.16.695","article-title":"Interleukin-6-mediated hyperalgesiaallodynia and increased spinal IL-6 expression in a rat mononeuropathy model.","volume":"16","author":"DeLeo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R7-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858403259950","article-title":"Neuroimmune activation and neuroinflammation in chronic pain and opioid tolerancehyperalgesia.","volume":"10","author":"DeLeo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"R8-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03122-3","article-title":"Pain and its persistence in herpes zoster.","volume":"67","author":"Dworkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R9-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00112-X","article-title":"Increased production of nitric oxide stimulated by interferon-gamma from peripheral blood monocytes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.","volume":"323","author":"Hartrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R10-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350210307","article-title":"Evidence for local inflammation in Complex Regional Pain syndrome type 1.","volume":"11","author":"Huygen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mediators of Inflamm"},{"key":"R11-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2003.12.006","article-title":"Successful treatment of CRPS 1 with anti-TNF.","volume":"27","author":"Huygen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"R12-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00557-X","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained?","volume":"2","author":"Janig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R13-8-20210126","first-page":"287","article-title":"Comparative therapeutic evaluation of intrathecal versus epidural methylprednisolone for long-term analgesia in patients with intractable postherpetic neuralgia.","volume":"24","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R14-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.10.027","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin 8 concentrations and the subsequent development of postherpetic neuralgia.","volume":"116","author":"Kotani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R15-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10049-7","article-title":"Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS.","volume":"19","author":"Kreutzberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"R16-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00163-8","article-title":"Substance-P-induced protein extravasation is bilaterally increased in complex regional pain syndrome.","volume":"183","author":"Leis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R17-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(94)90051-5","article-title":"The possible role of glia in nociceptive processing and hyperalgesia in the spinal cord of the rat.","volume":"33","author":"Meller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"R18-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02050-3","article-title":"Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia produced by intrathecal administration of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein, gp120.","volume":"861","author":"Milligan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R19-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-01026.2003","article-title":"Spinal glia and proinflammatory cytokines mediate mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats.","volume":"23","author":"Milligan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R20-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1998.tb01736.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 levels in cerebrospinal fluid inversely correlate to severity of Parkinsons disease.","volume":"98","author":"Muller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R21-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5130","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-07-05130.1995","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-6 in axotomized sensory neurons.","volume":"15","author":"Murphy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R22-8-20210126","first-page":"277","article-title":"Changes in cytokines and neurotrophins in Parkinsons disease.","volume":"60","author":"Nagatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R23-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.5_suppl_2.S30","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of central pain syndromes.","volume":"62","author":"Nicholson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"R24-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90144-E","article-title":"Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: an excessive inflammatory response?","volume":"55","author":"Oyen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R25-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1139\/y98-055","article-title":"The cytokine response to strenuous exercise.","volume":"76","author":"Pedersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"R26-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(92)90176-L","article-title":"Interleukin-1 activity in lesioned peripheral nerve.","volume":"39","author":"Rotshenker","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R27-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1103","article-title":"Cytokine and cellular inflammatory sequence in enteroviral meningitis.","volume":"112","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R28-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.1.57","article-title":"The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy.","volume":"40","author":"Schwartzman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R29-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.10.1547","article-title":"Neuropathic Central Pain.","volume":"58","author":"Schwartzman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R30-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.019422","article-title":"Increased intrathecal inflammatory activity in frontotemporal dementia: pathophysiological implications.","volume":"75","author":"Sjogren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R31-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.12.007","article-title":"Recent findings on how proinflammatory cytokines cause pain: peripheral mechanisms in inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia.","volume":"361","author":"Sommer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R32-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021733","article-title":"Interleukin-6 levels in the central nervous system are negatively correlated with fat mass in overweightobese subjects.","volume":"88","author":"Stenlof","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R33-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020568013953","article-title":"Intracerebral production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a local neuroprotective agent, in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.","volume":"19","author":"Tarkowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R34-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00187-2","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus triggers intrathecal production of TNF-alpha.","volume":"24","author":"Tarkowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"R35-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000026339","article-title":"Role of the brain in interleukin-6 modulation.","volume":"5","author":"Terreni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"R36-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00443-7","article-title":"Innate cytokine profile in patients with complex regional pain syndrome is normal.","volume":"91","author":"van de Beek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R37-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1762","article-title":"Clinical aspects of multifocal or generalized tonic dystonia in reflex sympathetic dystrophy.","volume":"56","author":"van Hilten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8878","key":"R38-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92877-V","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients.","volume":"342","author":"Veldman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R39-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.10.2325","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and early neurological worsening in ischemic stroke.","volume":"31","author":"Vila","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R40-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91566-0","article-title":"Characterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia.","volume":"654","author":"Watkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R41-8-20210126","first-page":"897","article-title":"Evidence for involvement of spinal cord glia in diverse models of hyperalgesia.","volume":"21","author":"Watkins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"R42-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00186-7","article-title":"Immune activation: the role of proinflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses, and pathological pain states.","volume":"63","author":"Watkins","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R43-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)03369-1","article-title":"Evidence for the involvement of spinal cord glia in subcutaneous formalin induced hyperalgesia in the rat.","volume":"71","author":"Watkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R44-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01854-3","article-title":"Glial activation: a driving force for pathologic pain.","volume":"24","author":"Watkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"R45-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00445-0","article-title":"Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome.","volume":"91","author":"Weber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R46-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2003.09.009","article-title":"Glial activation and pathological pain.","volume":"45","author":"Wieseler-Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"R47-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199400475-00003","article-title":"A new strategy for the treatment of inflammatory pain. Prevention or elimination of central sensitization.","volume":"47","author":"Woolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R48-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7723","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.7723","article-title":"Transcriptional and posttranslational plasticity and the generation of inflammatory pain.","volume":"96","author":"Woolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5472","key":"R49-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1765","article-title":"Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain.","volume":"288","author":"Woolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R50-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00340-2","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase in spinal cord central sensitization following intradermal injection of capsaicin.","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R51-8-20210126","first-page":"557","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels after surgery with spinal or general anesthesia.","volume":"24","author":"Yeager","year":"1999","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R52-8-20210126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01303-6","article-title":"Pathobiology of neuropathic pain.","volume":"429","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00006396-200508000-00008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:39:29Z","timestamp":1785854369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/00006396-200508000-00008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2005.04.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0304-3959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0304-3959","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}}}