{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T17:21:14Z","timestamp":1781025674499,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T16:31:05Z","timestamp":1740069065000},"page":"103052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Low-density Plasmodium falciparum infection: \u201cEven a parasite will turn\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Wataru","family":"Kagaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01249-7","article-title":"Malaria","author":"Poespoprodjo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001288","article-title":"Rosetting revisited: a critical look at the evidence for host erythrocyte receptors in Plasmodium falciparum rosetting","volume":"147","author":"McQuaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.11.010","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"35","author":"Maier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.004","article-title":"Why do we need to know more about mixed Plasmodium species infections in humans?","volume":"20","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1086\/644781","article-title":"Submicroscopic infection in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Okell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.13.45","article-title":"The silent threat: asymptomatic parasitemia and malaria transmission","volume":"11","author":"Lindblade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0035","series-title":"Towards Malaria Elimination - a Leap Forward","article-title":"Understanding the importance of asymptomatic and low- density infections for malaria elimination","author":"Drakeley","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0040","article-title":"Ultrasensitive diagnostics for low-density asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in low-transmission settings","volume":"59","author":"Zainabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol. [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0045","series-title":"World malaria report 2023 [Internet]","author":"(gmp) GMP","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09441-1","article-title":"The temporal dynamics and infectiousness of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in relation to parasite density","volume":"10","author":"Slater","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00072-4","article-title":"Sources of persistent malaria transmission in a setting with effective malaria control in eastern Uganda: a longitudinal, observational cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Andolina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00194-8","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infections in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"van Eijk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00055-0","article-title":"Global patterns of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of population surveys","volume":"2","author":"Whittaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2014.02.004","article-title":"The role of submicroscopic parasitemia in malaria transmission: what is the evidence?","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"103415","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0075","article-title":"A novel CRISPR-based malaria diagnostic capable of Plasmodium detection, species differentiation, and drug-resistance genotyping","volume":"68","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0080","article-title":"Sensitive and accurate quantification of human malaria parasites using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)","volume":"6","author":"Koepfli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep. [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175771","article-title":"Four human Plasmodium species quantification using droplet digital PCR","volume":"12","author":"Srisutham","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0090","article-title":"Improving the molecular diagnosis of malaria: Droplet digital PCR-based method using saliva as a DNA source","volume":"13","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol. [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0245","article-title":"Performance of a high-sensitivity rapid diagnostic test for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in asymptomatic individuals from Uganda and Myanmar and naive human challenge infections","volume":"97","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30411-0","article-title":"Assessment of ultra-sensitive malaria diagnosis versus standard molecular diagnostics for malaria elimination: an in-depth molecular community cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Hofmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03783-2","article-title":"Assessing field performance of ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic tests for malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Danwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0110","article-title":"Comparison of three rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis in Ghana","volume":"23","author":"Kayode","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar. J. [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04051-7","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes deletion in global settings (2010\u22122021): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jejaw Zeleke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296766","article-title":"Diagnostic role of Sysmex hematology analyzer in the detection of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Mulatie","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04259-7","article-title":"Potential application of the haematology analyser XN-31 prototype for field malaria surveillance in Kenya","volume":"21","author":"Kagaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90050-8","article-title":"Identification of the four human malaria parasite species in field samples by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of a high prevalence of mixed infections","volume":"58","author":"Snounou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.09.006","article-title":"Improved detection of malaria cases in island settings of Vanuatu and Kenya by PCR that targets the Plasmodium mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase III (cox3) gene","volume":"64","author":"Isozumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001788","article-title":"Ultra-sensitive detection of Plasmodium falciparum by amplification of multi-copy subtelomeric targets","volume":"12","author":"Hofmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01057-14","article-title":"High-throughput ultrasensitive molecular techniques for quantifying low-density malaria parasitemias","volume":"52","author":"Imwong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04122-9","article-title":"Tenfold difference in DNA recovery rate: systematic comparison of whole blood vs. dried blood spot sample collection for malaria molecular surveillance","volume":"21","author":"Holzschuh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33657-3","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in longitudinally monitored incident infections is associated with duration of infection and human host factors","volume":"13","author":"Andolina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00626","article-title":"Predicting mosquito infection from Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density and estimating the reservoir of infection","volume":"2","author":"Churcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001942","article-title":"\u201casymptomatic\u201d malaria: a chronic and debilitating infection that should be treated","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-17","article-title":"Assembling a global database of malaria parasite prevalence for the malaria atlas project","volume":"16","author":"Guerra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29198","article-title":"Quantifying the contribution of Plasmodium falciparum malaria to febrile illness amongst African children","volume":"6","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2830-y","article-title":"The contribution of non-malarial febrile illness co-infections to Plasmodium falciparum case counts in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"18","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01744-1","article-title":"Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Africa, 1980-2015","volume":"18","author":"Elven","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0190","article-title":"Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Southern Asia and South-eastern Asia, 1980\u20132015","volume":"18","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med. [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001675","article-title":"Metagenomic next-generation sequencing to characterize potential etiologies of non-malarial fever in a cohort living in a high malaria burden area of Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Mwakibete","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44800-7","article-title":"Investigating the etiologies of non-malarial febrile illness in Senegal using metagenomic sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Levine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0205","first-page":"1669","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"3","author":"Lapierre","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nouv. Press. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.538","article-title":"Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area","volume":"56","author":"Farnert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30046-X","article-title":"The persistence and oscillations of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections over time in Vietnam: an open cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae276","article-title":"Microheterogeneity of transmission shapes submicroscopic malaria carriage in coastal Tanzania","volume":"230","author":"Rapp","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04239-x","article-title":"Feasibility of community at-home dried blood spot collection combined with pooled reverse transcription PCR as a viable and convenient method for malaria epidemiology studies","volume":"21","author":"Hergott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00262-8","article-title":"Assessing the daily natural history of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in adults and older children in Katakwi, Uganda: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Hergott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019010","article-title":"How much remains undetected? Probability of molecular detection of human plasmodia in the field","volume":"6","author":"Koepfli","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0493","article-title":"Improved detectability of Plasmodium falciparum clones with repeated sampling in incident and chronic infections in Burkina Faso","volume":"106","author":"Barry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007459","article-title":"Absence of erythrocyte sequestration and lack of multicopy gene family expression in Plasmodium falciparum from a splenectomized malaria patient","volume":"4","author":"Bachmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-500","article-title":"The duration of Plasmodium falciparum infections","volume":"16","author":"Ashley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2023884","article-title":"Hidden biomass of intact malaria parasites in the human spleen","volume":"384","author":"Kho","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1086\/526529","article-title":"Long-term asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium falciparum protects from malaria attacks: a prospective study among Senegalese children","volume":"46","author":"Males","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv088","article-title":"Asymptomatic multiclonal Plasmodium falciparum infections carried through the dry season predict protection against subsequent clinical malaria","volume":"212","author":"Sond\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw849","article-title":"Treatment of chronic asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection does not increase the risk of clinical malaria upon reinfection","volume":"64","author":"Portugal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0275","article-title":"Microscopic and submicroscopic asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Ghanaian children and protection against febrile malaria","volume":"88","author":"Adu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun. [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.10.014","article-title":"Multiclonal asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections predict a reduced risk of malaria disease in a Tanzanian population","volume":"9","author":"Bereczky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.12.011","article-title":"Duration of residency in a non-endemic area and risk of severe malaria in African immigrants","volume":"21","author":"F\u00e4rnert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad398","article-title":"Risk of malaria following untreated subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections: results over 4 years from a cohort in a high-transmission area in western Kenya","volume":"229","author":"Zeno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0295","article-title":"Impact of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection on the risk of subsequent symptomatic malaria in a longitudinal cohort in Kenya","volume":"10","author":"Sumner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01277.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic parasitaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children","volume":"9","author":"Njama-Meya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-193","article-title":"Relation between Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic infection and malaria attacks in a cohort of Senegalese children","volume":"7","author":"Le Port","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2221-9","article-title":"Clinical consequences of submicroscopic malaria parasitaemia in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Katrak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16940","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016940","article-title":"Clearance of asymptomatic P. falciparum infections interacts with the number of clones to predict the risk of subsequent malaria in Kenyan children","volume":"6","author":"Liljander","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab357","article-title":"Exposure to diverse Plasmodium falciparum genotypes shapes the risk of symptomatic malaria in incident and persistent infections: a longitudinal molecular epidemiologic study in Kenya","volume":"73","author":"Sumner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.07.008","article-title":"Why asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections are common in low-transmission settings","volume":"36","author":"Bj\u00f6rkman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"102231","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0330","article-title":"The mystery of persistent, asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad581","article-title":"Asymptomatic low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections: parasites under the host\u2019s immune radar?","volume":"229","author":"Prah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.470","article-title":"Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte densities frequently result in mosquito infection","volume":"76","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200300444X","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission to Anopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya","volume":"128","author":"Gouagna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-29","article-title":"The complexities of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria","volume":"11","author":"Laishram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03559-0","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriage in symptomatic patients shows significant association with genetically diverse infections, anaemia, and asexual stage density","volume":"20","author":"Sondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"7491","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12920","article-title":"A transcriptional switch underlies commitment to sexual development in malaria parasites","volume":"507","author":"Kafsack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7491","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12970","article-title":"A cascade of DNA-binding proteins for sexual commitment and development in Plasmodium","volume":"507","author":"Sinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis239","article-title":"Epigenetic dysregulation of virulence gene expression in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"205","author":"Merrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0419-9","article-title":"Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to its transmission environment","volume":"2","author":"Rono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0380","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum adapts its investment into replication versus transmission according to the host environment","volume":"14","author":"Abdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"105190","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0385","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte production correlates with genetic markers of parasite replication but is not influenced by experimental exposure to mosquito biting","volume":"105","author":"Blanken","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00114-9","article-title":"Effect of weekly fever-screening and treatment and monthly RDT testing and treatment on the infectious reservoir of malaria parasites in Burkina Faso: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"5","author":"Collins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.07.013","article-title":"Maximizing impact: can interventions to prevent clinical malaria reduce parasite transmission?","volume":"36","author":"McCann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0400","article-title":"Mass drug administration for malaria","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0838-5","article-title":"Elimination of Plasmodium falciparum in an area of multi-drug resistance","volume":"16","author":"Lwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy196","article-title":"A controlled trial of mass drug administration to interrupt transmission of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Cambodian villages","volume":"67","author":"Tripura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy686","article-title":"Contribution of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections to the transmission of malaria in Kayin State","volume":"219","author":"Chaumeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Myanmar. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002745","article-title":"The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"16","author":"von Seidlein","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55437-8","article-title":"Malaria resurgence after significant reduction by mass drug administration on Ngodhe Island, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Kagaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0430","article-title":"Potential herd protection against Plasmodium falciparum infections conferred by mass antimalarial drug administrations","volume":"8","author":"Parker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1202-8","article-title":"A cluster randomised controlled trial of two rounds of mass drug administration in Zanzibar, a malaria pre-elimination setting\u2014high coverage and safety, but no significant impact on transmission","volume":"16","author":"Morris","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06354-x","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of an ultra-sensitive RDT and a conventional RDT in malaria mass testing, treatment and tracking interventions in southern Ghana","volume":"17","author":"Amoah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac289","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic tests for malaria screening among pregnant women in Kenya","volume":"226","author":"Samuels","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058397","article-title":"Active case detection and treatment of malaria in pregnancy using LAMP technology (LAMPREG): a pragmatic randomised diagnostic outcomes trial-study protocol","volume":"12","author":"Gebresenbet","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Parasitology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138357692500025X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S138357692500025X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:34:39Z","timestamp":1741710879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S138357692500025X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S138357692500025X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Low-density Plasmodium falciparum infection: \u201cEven a parasite will turn\u201d","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Parasitology International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103052","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103052"}}