{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1771531822233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006393","name":"Universidad de Granada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasitology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T03:26:05Z","timestamp":1763609165000},"page":"103195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Parasite diversity in painted frogs inhabiting desert oases in southern Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Dhib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Comas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hammouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Harl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.P.","family":"Fuehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Garrido-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Moreno-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000055360","article-title":"Coevolution of hosts and parasites","volume":"85","author":"Anderson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1086\/392949","article-title":"Parasitism, host immune function, and sexual selection","volume":"74","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0015","series-title":"Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites","first-page":"332","author":"Poulin","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003448","article-title":"Patterns of macroparasite aggregation in wildlife host populations","volume":"117","author":"Shaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0025","article-title":"Identifying sources of variation in parasite aggregation","volume":"10","author":"Morrill","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0030","series-title":"Heimtierkrankheiten","first-page":"226","article-title":"Infektion (Invasionen) mit Parasiten (Parasitosen)","author":"Frank","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2307\/3282828","article-title":"(Monogenea: Polystomatidae), a parasite of the urinary bladder of the leptodactylid frog Physalaemus cuvieri in Paraguay","volume":"76","author":"Vaucher","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0040","first-page":"89","article-title":"Platyhelminth parasites of some amphibians in Jordan","volume":"27","author":"Al-Sorakhy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turk. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1654\/4134","article-title":"Raillietiella indica (Pentastomida) from the lungs of the giant toad, Bufo marinus (Amphibia), in Hawaii, U.S.A","volume":"71","author":"Barton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.48.3.235","article-title":"Diseases of amphibians","volume":"48","author":"Densmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0055","series-title":"Erkrankungen der Amphibien. 2., \u00fcberarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage","first-page":"235","author":"Mutschmann","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063699","article-title":"Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota","volume":"296","author":"Harvell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7585","article-title":"Proximity to pollution sources and risk of amphibian limb malformation","volume":"113","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2010.02547.x","article-title":"High temperature enhances host pathology in a snail-trematode system: possible consequences of climate change for the emergence of disease","volume":"56","author":"Paull","year":"2011","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02595.x","article-title":"Some (worms) like it hot: fish parasites grow faster in warmer water, and alter host thermal preferences","volume":"18","author":"Macnab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000424","article-title":"Environmental constraints influencing survival of an African parasite in a north temperate habitat: effects of temperature on development within the host","volume":"138","author":"Tinsley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-818","article-title":"Helminth communities in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), green frogs (Rana clamitans), and leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) from New Brunswick, Canada","volume":"75","author":"McAlpine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09289358","article-title":"Helminth parasites of Leptodactylus podicipinus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from south-eastern Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil","volume":"83","author":"Campi\u00e3o","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01963","article-title":"Helminth infracommunities of the maculated toad Amietophrynus regularis (Anura: Bufonidae) from Ismailia, Egypt","volume":"82","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.011","article-title":"Parasite age-intensity relationships in red-spotted newts: does immune memory influence salamander disease dynamics?","volume":"39","author":"Raffel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.07.006","article-title":"Acquired immunity protects against helminth infection in a natural host population: long-term field and laboratory evidence","volume":"42","author":"Tinsley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2000.024","article-title":"Host-parasite relationships of Zootoca vivipara (Sauria: Lacertidae) in the Pyrenees (North Spain)","volume":"47","author":"Sanchis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0115","first-page":"25","article-title":"High levels of prevalence related to age and body condition: host-parasite interactions in a water frog Pelophylax kl. Hispanicus","volume":"9","author":"Comas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Herpetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054416","article-title":"Helminth parasite richness among vertebrates","volume":"5","author":"Gregory","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140577","article-title":"How many parasites species a frog might have? Determinants of parasite diversity in South American anurans","volume":"10","author":"Campi\u00e3o","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/3284522","article-title":"The contributions of host age and size to the aggregated distribution of parasites in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from Garner Lake, Alberta, Canada","volume":"84","author":"Zelmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02090.x","article-title":"Variation in the intraspecific relationship between fish length and intensity of parasitic infection: biological and statistical causes","volume":"56","author":"Poulin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0140","first-page":"216","article-title":"Parasite biodiversity","author":"Poulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smithsonian Books"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00710.x","article-title":"Hormonal and immunological mechanisms mediating sex differences in parasite infection","volume":"26","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003836","article-title":"Rates of development in male and female wood frogs and patterns of parasitism by lung nematodes","volume":"135","author":"Dare","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09243495","article-title":"Patterns of trematode and nematode lungworm infections in northern leopard frogs and wood frogs from Ontario, Canada","volume":"83","author":"Dare","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0160","first-page":"107","article-title":"Contribution to the knowledge of Tunisian amphibians: notes on distribution, habitat features and breeding phenology","volume":"2","author":"Sicilia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0165","series-title":"Atlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles","author":"Sindaco","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0170","author":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3406\/revec.2012.1657","article-title":"R\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique et affinit\u00e9s \u00e9cologiques des amphibiens de Tunisie","volume":"67","author":"Ben Hassine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. \u00c9col. (Terre et Vie)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0180","first-page":"05","article-title":"New taxonomic checklist of the herpetofauna in Tunisia","volume":"180","author":"Nouira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Herp. Fr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0185","series-title":"Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa, Koeltzscientificbooks, K\u00f6enigstein","author":"Schleich","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2024.105158","article-title":"Retreat site occupation and short-term movements in an oasis-dwelling frog in relation to temperature-humidity conditions","volume":"222","author":"Dhib","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0195","first-page":"321","article-title":"Diet of Discoglossus pictus Otth 1837 (Anura, Alytidae) and Pelophylax saharicus (Boulenger in Hartert, 1913) in the oases of Kettana (Gab\u00e8s, Tunisia)","volume":"134","author":"Ben Hassine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2024.47.0153","article-title":"Sexual size dimorphism in a Tunisian painted frog Discoglossus pictus auritus population","volume":"47","author":"Dhib","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1923014337","article-title":"Description de deux trypanosomes nouveaux\u202f: Trypanosoma sergenti n sp. et Trypanosoma parroti n. sp. du Discoglossus pictus Otth","volume":"1","author":"Brumpt","year":"1923","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5946-z","article-title":"First report of Euryhelmis parasites (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) in Africa: conservation implications for endemic amphibians","volume":"117","author":"D\u00edaz-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0215","series-title":"Les Oasis Tunisiennes\u202f: Am\u00e9nagement hydro-agricole et d\u00e9veloppement en zone aride","first-page":"346","author":"Kassah","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(02)00231-8","article-title":"Breeding bird communities in southern Tunisian oases: the importance of traditional agricultural practices for bird diversity in a semi-natural system","volume":"110","author":"Selmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9365(11)80059-X","article-title":"A propos des crit\u00e8res de s\u00e9paration des genres d\u2019opalines\u202f: Protoopalina Metcalf, 1918, Cepedea Metcalf, 1920 et Opalina (Purkinje et Valentin, 1835)","volume":"141","author":"Affa\u2019a","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Protistenkd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0230","first-page":"252","article-title":"New species of Protoopalina (Opalinida) and first record of Zelleriella hylaxena (Opalinida) in tadpoles of Boana pulchella (Anura, Hylidae) from Argentina, Pan-American","volume":"15","author":"Maria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0235","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Parasitology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opalinata","author":"Mehlhorn","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0240","first-page":"921","article-title":"Sur l\u2019Haptophyra gigantea opaline nouvelle de l\u2019intestine des batraciens anoures d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie","volume":"88","author":"Maupas","year":"1879","journal-title":"Compt. Rend. Hebdomad. S\u00e9anc. l\u2019Acad. Sci. Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0245","first-page":"341","article-title":"Recherches sur les infusoires astomes. Anatomie, biologie, ethologie parasitaire, syst\u00e9matique","volume":"5","author":"C\u00e9p\u00e8de","year":"1910","journal-title":"Arch. Zool. Exp. G\u00e9n."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0250","series-title":"Keys to the Trematoda","first-page":"521","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Gibson","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0255","first-page":"154","article-title":"Supplementary studies of Pleurogenoides medians (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) infecting the marsh frog Rana ridibunda (Amphibia: Ranidae) in Egypt","volume":"6","author":"Abdel-Gaber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1139\/z78-289","article-title":"Morphology and taxonomy of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from reptiles and amphibians of southern Ontario","volume":"56","author":"Baker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0265","series-title":"Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Archival Volume","first-page":"463","author":"Anderson","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0270","first-page":"105","article-title":"A pictorial key to current genus groups of Rhabditidae","volume":"14","author":"Scholze","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nematode Morphol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3639.1.1","article-title":"Review of Rhabdiasidae (Nematoda) from the Holarctic","volume":"3639","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-9","article-title":"Keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates. Supplementary Volume","volume":"3","author":"Moravec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0285","article-title":"A new species of Cosmocercoides (Nematoda; Cosmocercidae) and other helminths in Leptodactylus latrans (Anura; Leptodactylidae) from Argentina","volume":"92","author":"Draghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Bras."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0290","first-page":"239","article-title":"A new species of Cosmocercoides (Ascaridida: Cosmocercidae) parasitic in tree frogs from southern Amazonia","volume":"107","author":"Dos Anjos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2016.39.0237","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of phalanges vs. humeri and femurs to estimate lizard age with skeletochronology","volume":"39","author":"Comas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1515\/helmin-2015-0011","article-title":"Evidence of Troglotrema acutum and Skrjabingylus sp. coinfection in a polecat from Lower Austria","volume":"52","author":"Duscher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0305","series-title":"Nucleic Acids Symposium Series","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"vol. 41","author":"Hall","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17643.x","article-title":"New perspectives for estimating body condition from mass\/length data: the scaled mass index as an alternative method","volume":"118","author":"Peig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0315","series-title":"SAS User\u2019s Guide","author":"SAS Institute Inc","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0320","series-title":"Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission","author":"Anderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2006.11.002","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of Karotomorpha and paraphyly of Proteromonadidae","volume":"43","author":"Kostka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2004.05.009","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of Protoopalina intestinalis based on SSU rRNA gene sequence","volume":"33","author":"Kostka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06201-z","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the family Rhabdiasidae (Nematoda: Rhabditia), with morphology, genetic characterization and mitochondrial genomes of Rhabdias kafunata and R. Bufonis","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0340","first-page":"3546","article-title":"The complete mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: novel insights into the phylogenetics in Toxocaridae","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0345","series-title":"Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference","author":"Darrel","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0350","first-page":"17","article-title":"Helminth parasites of the green toad Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 in Baghdad area, Central Iraq, Egypt","volume":"2","author":"Mohammad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2307\/1352622","article-title":"Parasitism and ecology of wetlands: a review","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70430","article-title":"Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Pleurogenoides japonicus (Digenea, Pleurogenidae): comparison with the members of Microphalloidea and phylogenetic implications","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0365","series-title":"Pr\u00e9cis de parasitologie","author":"Brumpt","year":"1922"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0370","first-page":"509","article-title":"Recherches sur la faune helminthologique algerienne (Cestodes et Trematodes)","volume":"5","author":"Joyeux","year":"1927","journal-title":"Arch. l'inst. Past. d'Alg\u00e9rie."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0375","first-page":"25","article-title":"Presencia en Espa\u00f1a de Ratzia parva (Stossich, 1904) Poche 1926 (Digenea, Opistorchiidae) par\u00e1sito de anfibios y reptiles","volume":"9","author":"Lluch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Miscellan. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/3271997","article-title":"Haptophrya michiganensis sp. nov. a protozoan parasite of the four-toed salamander","volume":"14","author":"Woodhead","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1965","key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0385","first-page":"265","article-title":"Resolution of persistent taxonomic and nomenclatural problems involving ciliate protozoa assignable to the astome family Haptophryidae cepede","volume":"12","author":"Corliss","year":"1923","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0390","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du genre Discoglossus (Amphibiens, Anoures)","volume":"13","author":"Knoepffler","year":"1962","journal-title":"Vie Milieu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620220522","article-title":"Effects of agricultural pesticides on the immune system of Rana pipiens and on its resistance to parasitic infection","volume":"22","author":"Christin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0400","series-title":"Evolutionary Ecology of Amphibians","first-page":"38","article-title":"Eco-Immunology of Amphibians","author":"Comas","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2003.11.007","article-title":"Effects of agricultural pesticides on the immune system of Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens","volume":"67","author":"Christin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-003-1210-y","article-title":"Exposure of leopard frogs to a pesticide mixture affects life history characteristics of the lungworm Rhabdias ranae","volume":"135","author":"Gendron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1233.1","article-title":"Short-term seasonal changes in parasite community structure in northern leopard Froglets (Rana pipiens) inhabiting agricultural wetlands","volume":"94","author":"King","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4867-3","article-title":"Ecological factors responsible for the geographic distribution of Rhabdias joaquinensis: where do lungworms infect anurans in nature?","volume":"115","author":"Langford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1139\/z79-014","article-title":"The free-living and parasitic development of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) in amphibians","volume":"57","author":"Baker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.05.002","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of the lungworm, Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala, in recently colonised cane toad (Rhinella marina) populations in tropical Australia","volume":"43","author":"Pizzatto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03118","article-title":"Morphological re-description and phylogenetic relationship of five myxosporean species of the family Myxobolidae infecting Nile tilapia","volume":"124","author":"Abdel-Gaber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2020-0027","article-title":"Diversity of parasites from Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Pipidae) and their seasonal rate of infection in selected habitats in the Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"57","author":"Mbokane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0445","series-title":"Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites","author":"Poulin","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.27.2.1820","article-title":"The impact of climate change on the parasites and infectious diseases of aquatic animals","volume":"27","author":"Marcogliese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-00553-z","article-title":"Temperature and light effects on Trichobilharzia szidati cercariae with implications for a risk analysis","volume":"62","author":"Al-Jubury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X13000710","article-title":"Why are the prevalence and diversity of helminths in the endemic Pyrenean brook newt Calotriton asper (Amphibia, Salamandridae) so low?","volume":"89","author":"Comas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007003277","article-title":"Impacts of agriculture on the parasite communities of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) in southern Quebec, Canada","volume":"134","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01397-6","article-title":"The evolution of trophic transmission","volume":"15","author":"Lafferty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0475","series-title":"Parasites and the Behavior of Animals","first-page":"338","author":"Moore","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001244","article-title":"The use of frequency distributions in an attempt to detect host mortality induced by infections of diplostomatid metacercariae","volume":"89","author":"Kennedy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2307\/3283121","article-title":"Helminth infracommunities of the frogs Rana catesbeiana and Rana clamitans from Turkey marsh, Michigan","volume":"77","author":"Muzzall","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00701489","article-title":"Monospecific helminth and arthropod infections in an urban population of brown rats from Doha, Qatar","volume":"75","author":"Abu-Madi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2754\/avb201281020097","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against leptospires in small mammals in relation to age, sex and season","volume":"81","author":"Treml","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-012-0041-6","article-title":"Occurrence of blood parasites and intensity of infection in Prunella modularis in the montane and subalpine zone in the Slovak Carpathians","volume":"57","author":"Haas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6104","article-title":"Early swelling response to phytohemagglutinin is lower in older toads","volume":"6","author":"Zamora-Camacho","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90150-8","article-title":"Sex-related susceptibility of bulls to gastrointestinal parasites","volume":"44","author":"Herd","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)80001-4","article-title":"Sex differences in parasite infections: patterns and processes","volume":"26","author":"Zuk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90077-4","article-title":"Sex hormones and the course of parasitic infection","volume":"4","author":"Alexander","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-006-0623-5","article-title":"White blood cell profiles of breeding American toads (Bufo americanus) relative to sex and body size","volume":"15","author":"Forbes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3181","article-title":"Immune responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin displays species but not sex differences in three anuran species","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/2389646","article-title":"Fasting endurance and the evolution of mammalian body size","volume":"4","author":"Millar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01317.x","article-title":"Condition-dependent immune defence in the magpie: how important is ectoparasitism?","volume":"72","author":"Blanco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2307\/3546841","article-title":"Condition, disease and immune defence","volume":"83","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oikos"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103223","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000}},{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103223","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000}}],"container-title":["Parasitology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383576925001680?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383576925001680?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T19:36:51Z","timestamp":1771529811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383576925001680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":109,"alternative-id":["S1383576925001680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Parasite diversity in painted frogs inhabiting desert oases in southern Tunisia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Parasitology International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2025.103195","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103195"}}