{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:16:52Z","timestamp":1790972212748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,25]],"date-time":"2004-03-25T08:59:20Z","timestamp":1080205160000},"page":"S3-S7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":493,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Inflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"McGeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith G.","family":"McGeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00124-6","article-title":"Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"27","author":"McGeer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"86","author":"McGeer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07478.x","article-title":"The role of glial reaction and inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"991","author":"Hirsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07470.x","article-title":"Mitochondria, oxidative damage, and inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"991","author":"Beal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-1107-x","article-title":"Inflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"250","author":"Wullner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00127-2","article-title":"An inflammatory review of Parkinson's disease","volume":"68","author":"Orr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.035048","article-title":"Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and strategies for therapeutic intervention","volume":"304","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.8.1059","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB9","unstructured":"Le WD, Rowe DB, Xie W. Activated microglia induce dopaminergic cell injury in vitro. XIII International Congress on Parkinson's Disease, 1999; S19."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01228.2003","article-title":"Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of the pesticide rotenone and inflammogen lipopolysaccharide: relevance to the etiology of Parkinson's disease","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200103050-00036","article-title":"GT1b ganglioside induces death of dopaminergic neurons in rat mesencephalic cultures","volume":"12","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00782.2002","article-title":"Distinct role for microglia in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.7946","article-title":"Role of Fcgamma receptors in nigral cell injury induced by Parkinson disease immunoglobulin injection into mouse substantia nigra","volume":"176","author":"He","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB14","first-page":"71","article-title":"Relationship of complement-activated oligodendrocytes to reactive microglia and neuronal pathology in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"2","author":"Yamada","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","article-title":"Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains","volume":"38","author":"McGeer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB16","first-page":"26","article-title":"Histological and biochemical pathology in a family with autosomal dominant Parkinsonism and dementia","volume":"2","author":"Yamada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199910)46:4<598::AID-ANA7>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure","volume":"46","author":"Langston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10728","article-title":"Presence of reactive microglia in monkey substantia nigra years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine administration","volume":"54","author":"McGeer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65340-0","article-title":"Upregulated production and activation of the complement system in Alzheimer disease brain","volume":"154","author":"Yasojima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10483","article-title":"Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease","volume":"53","author":"Jenner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-1201-7","article-title":"Free radicals in Parkinson's disease","volume":"249","author":"Koutsilieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.01938.x","article-title":"Neuroinflammation of the nigrostriatal pathway during progressive 6-OHDA dopamine degeneration in rats monitored by immunohistochemistry and PET imaging","volume":"15","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)04085-4","article-title":"Age-related microglial activation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"964","author":"Sugama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6181","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06181.2003","article-title":"Critical role for microglial NADPH oxidase in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(03)00172-1","article-title":"Selective microglial activation in the rat rotenone model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"341","author":"Sherer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-9961(02)00017-7","article-title":"Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the substantia nigra by lipopolysaccharide causes microglial activation and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Arimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00562-0","article-title":"Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in inflammation-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration","volume":"110","author":"Iravani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10047","article-title":"Trisialoganglioside GT1b induces in vivo degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons: role of microglia","volume":"38","author":"Ryu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB29","series-title":"Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: basic and clinical research","first-page":"173","article-title":"The involvement of glial cell-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Alzheimer's disease","author":"Walker","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14339","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.23.14339","article-title":"Chromogranin A induces a neurotoxic phenotype in brain microglial cells","volume":"273","author":"Ciesielski-Treska","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90227-5","article-title":"Expression of chromogranin A in lesions of the central nervous system from patients with neurological diseases","volume":"170","author":"Yasuhara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0314fje","article-title":"Activation of microglia by human neuromelanin is NF-kappaB dependent and involves p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase: implications for Parkinson's disease","volume":"17","author":"Wilms","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/1353-8020(96)00004-1","article-title":"Lack of toxicity of human neuromelanin to rat brain dopaminergic neurons","volume":"2","author":"Aimi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90746-3","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients","volume":"165","author":"Mogi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90684-X","article-title":"Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease","volume":"172","author":"Boka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-09-03440.1999","article-title":"Fc epsilon RII\/CD23 is expressed in Parkinson's disease and induces, in vitro, production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in glial cells","volume":"19","author":"Hunot","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00300-2","article-title":"Association of interleukin-1 beta polymorphisms with idiopathic Parkinson's disease","volume":"326","author":"McGeer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)00301-4","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 alpha and beta genes and the risk for Parkinson's disease","volume":"326","author":"Schulte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00315-7","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopamine cell loss in culture: roles of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1b, and nitric oxide","volume":"133","author":"Gayle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0216fje","article-title":"Mice deficient in TNF receptors are protected against dopaminergic neurotoxicity: implications for Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Sriram","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427222","article-title":"Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease are recognized by antibodies to complement proteins","volume":"84","author":"Yamada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"}],"container-title":["Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1353802004000112?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1353802004000112?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T06:23:35Z","timestamp":1550125415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1353802004000112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1353802004000112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8020","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}}}