{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:28:12Z","timestamp":1790504892242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","prd-journal.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,29]],"date-time":"2016-10-29T04:00:48Z","timestamp":1477713648000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mild parkinsonian features in dystonia: Literature review, mechanisms and clinical perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Haggstrom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Darveniza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25244","article-title":"The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Steeves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.09.023","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with focal dystonia","volume":"111","author":"Pekmezovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130225","article-title":"Cervical dystonia: about familial and sporadic cases in 88 patients","volume":"72","author":"Camargo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25567","article-title":"The focal dystonias: current views and challenges for future research","volume":"28","author":"Jinnah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00042-1","article-title":"The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs","volume":"50","author":"Mink","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23137","article-title":"The diagnostic challenge of primary dystonia: evidence from misdiagnosis","volume":"25","author":"Lalli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e3182a78eb5","article-title":"Primary dystonia misinterpreted as Parkinson disease: video case presentation and practical clues","volume":"3","author":"Klepitskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.9.1402","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of clinical and pathological features of young- and old-onset Parkinson's disease","volume":"38","author":"Gibb","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70232-0","article-title":"Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Phukan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.12.027","article-title":"Abnormal motor function and dopamine neurotransmission in DYT1 DeltaGAG transgenic mice","volume":"210","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi012","article-title":"Transgenic mouse model of early-onset DYT1 dystonia","volume":"14","author":"Shashidharan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04590.x","article-title":"Dopamine release is impaired in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia","volume":"102","author":"Balcioglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.01.001","article-title":"Impaired striatal D2 receptor function leads to enhanced GABA transmission in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia","volume":"34","author":"Sciamanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1432","article-title":"MPTP induces dystonia and parkinsonism. Clues to the pathophysiology of dystonia","volume":"49","author":"Perlmutter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2842","article-title":"Animal model explains the origins of the cranial dystonia benign essential blepharospasm","volume":"77","author":"Schicatano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.445","article-title":"Dopamine transmission in DYT1 dystonia: a biochemical and autoradiographical study","volume":"59","author":"Augood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61700-2","article-title":"A\u00a0close association of torsinA and alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies: a fluorescence resonance energy transfer study","volume":"159","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000069","article-title":"Clinical and genetic features of cervical dystonia in a large multicenter cohort","volume":"2","author":"LeDoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12616","article-title":"An updated review of Parkinson's disease genetics and clinicopathological correlations","author":"Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib21","first-page":"32","article-title":"X-linked dystonia parkinsonism: clinical phenotype, genetics and therapeutics","volume":"3","author":"Rosales","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20513","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia in X-linked recessive dystonia-parkinsonism","volume":"58","author":"Goto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52014-2.00040-9","article-title":"Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism","volume":"100","author":"Geyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1279-x","article-title":"Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism associated with the I758S mutation of the ATP1A3 gene: a neuropathologic and neuroanatomical study of four siblings","volume":"128","author":"Oblak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.09.003","article-title":"Writer's cramp: restoration of striatal D2-binding after successful biofeedback-based sensorimotor training","volume":"13","author":"Berger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14705","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0407-13.2013","article-title":"Abnormal striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission during rest and task production in spasmodic dysphonia","volume":"33","author":"Simonyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130219","article-title":"Imaging the pre- and postsynaptic side of striatal dopaminergic synapses in idiopathic cervical dystonia: a SPECT study using [123I] epidepride and [123I] beta-CIT","volume":"13","author":"Naumann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000149764.34953.BF","article-title":"Decreased striatal D2 receptor binding in non-manifesting carriers of the DYT1 dystonia mutation","volume":"64","author":"Asanuma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181aa538f","article-title":"Abnormal striatal and thalamic dopamine neurotransmission: genotype-related features of dystonia","volume":"72","author":"Carbon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.6.672-a","article-title":"Low striatal D2 receptor binding as assessed by [123I]IBZM SPECT in patients with writer's cramp","volume":"62","author":"Horstink","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2561","article-title":"Patterns of cortical synchronization in isolated dystonia compared with Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"Miocinovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3997","article-title":"Therapeutic deep brain stimulation reduces cortical phase-amplitude coupling in Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"de Hemptinne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214546110","article-title":"Exaggerated phase-amplitude coupling in the primary motor cortex in Parkinson disease","volume":"110","author":"de Hemptinne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1484-3","article-title":"Globus pallidus internus neuronal activity: a comparative study of linear and non-linear features in patients with dystonia or Parkinson's disease","volume":"123","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510030041005","article-title":"Clinical features of Meige's disease (idiopathic orofacial dystonia): a report of 17 cases","volume":"38","author":"Tolosa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib36","first-page":"283","article-title":"Idiopathic blepharospasm does not lead to a parkinsonian syndrome: results of a questionnaire-based follow-up study","volume":"246","author":"Soonawala","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20084","article-title":"Development of Parkinson's disease in patients with blepharospasm","volume":"19","author":"Micheli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1159\/000341621","article-title":"Prevalence of blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in patients with parkinsonism, cervical dystonia and essential tremor","volume":"68","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.20.187","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of antipsychotics-induced extrapyramidal symptoms based on receptor occupancy theory incorporating endogenous dopamine release","volume":"20","author":"Matsui-Sakata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e318166c4d5","article-title":"Antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"Suppl 21","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib41","first-page":"15","article-title":"Movement disorders associated with neuroleptic treatment","volume":"62","author":"Wirshing","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12444","article-title":"[(1)(2)(3)I]FP-CIT SPECT (DaTSCAN) may be a useful tool to differentiate between Parkinson's disease and vascular or drug-induced parkinsonisms: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Brigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10575","article-title":"DAT imaging in drug-induced and psychogenic parkinsonism","volume":"18","author":"Tolosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1194-236","article-title":"Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation caused by mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene","volume":"8","author":"Ichinose","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00225091","article-title":"A\u00a0point mutation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene associated with Segawa's syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Ludecke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib46","first-page":"274","article-title":"Dystonia: medical therapy and botulinum toxin","volume":"vol. 94","author":"Jankovic","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)84059-0","article-title":"Parkinsonism and dystonia","volume":"84","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26672","article-title":"Quantitative gait analysis in parkin disease: possible role of dystonia","author":"Castagna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.01.026","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of dystonia","volume":"42","author":"Neychev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440304","article-title":"Functional brain networks in DYT1 dystonia","volume":"44","author":"Eidelberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001341","article-title":"Is tremor in dystonia a phenotypic feature of dystonia?","volume":"84","author":"Defazio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.04.027","article-title":"The cerebellum in dystonia \u2013 help or hindrance?","volume":"123","author":"Sadnicka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn168","article-title":"The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movement","volume":"131","author":"Neychev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/62.1.96","article-title":"Spastic dysphonia (\u201cinspiratory speech","volume":"62","author":"Critchley","year":"1939","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.03.024","article-title":"Tremor in dystonia","author":"Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303782","article-title":"Tremor in primary adult-onset dystonia: prevalence and associated clinical features","volume":"84","author":"Defazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870050115","article-title":"Trunk and head tremor as isolated manifestations of dystonia","volume":"5","author":"Rivest","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5114\/ninp.2013.35584","article-title":"Tremor associated with focal and segmental dystonia","volume":"47","author":"Rudzinska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305876","article-title":"Rest and other types of tremor in adult-onset primary dystonia","volume":"85","author":"Erro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304779","article-title":"Does rest tremor exclude the diagnosis of adult-onset primary dystonia?","volume":"84","author":"Erro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12966","article-title":"Rest tremor in idiopathic adult-onset dystonia","volume":"23","author":"Gigante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.02.017","article-title":"Tremulous cervical dystonia is likely to be familial: clinical characteristics of a large cohort","volume":"19","author":"Rubio-Agusti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.05.026","article-title":"Late onset rest-tremor in DYT1 dystonia","volume":"19","author":"Stamelou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21043","article-title":"Levodopa can worsen tremor associated with dystonia","volume":"21","author":"Hensman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310256","article-title":"What do patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) have? New evidence and continuing controversies","volume":"87","author":"Erro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21531","article-title":"The entity of jaw tremor and dystonia","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21685","article-title":"Patients with adult-onset dystonic tremor resembling parkinsonian tremor have scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDDs)","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(08)70513-3","article-title":"1.278 Adult onset dystonic tremor as differential diagnosis for Parkinson's disease: detailed clinical description of 20 patients emphasizing non-motor symptoms including olfactory function","volume":"13","author":"Schwingenschuh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.5.1481","article-title":"Sequential arm movements in patients with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and dystonia","volume":"115","author":"Agostino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.9.1043","article-title":"Rapid elbow movements in patients with torsion dystonia","volume":"52","author":"van der Kamp","year":"1989","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.3.461","article-title":"Writers' cramp-a focal dystonia","volume":"105","author":"Sheehy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090110","article-title":"Variable onset of adult inherited focal dystonia: a problem for genetic studies","volume":"9","author":"Micheli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130406","article-title":"Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients","volume":"13","author":"Jankovic","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib74","series-title":"Functional Aspects of Gait in Essential Tremor: a Comparison with Age-matched Parkinson's Disease Cases, Dystonia Cases, and Controls","first-page":"5","author":"Louis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199601113340202","article-title":"Prevalence of parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people","volume":"334","author":"Bennett","year":"1996","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000072330.07328.D6","article-title":"Parkinsonian signs in older people: prevalence and associations with smoking and coffee","volume":"61","author":"Louis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100031619","article-title":"Spasmodic torticollis\u2013review of 220 patients","volume":"18","author":"Rondot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0997-40","article-title":"The early-onset torsion dystonia gene (DYT1) encodes an ATP-binding protein","volume":"17","author":"Ozelius","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.9.1746","article-title":"The DYT1 phenotype and guidelines for diagnostic testing","volume":"54","author":"Bressman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360514","article-title":"Dystonia in Ashkenazi Jews: clinical characterization of a founder mutation","volume":"36","author":"Bressman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib81","first-page":"99","article-title":"Torsion dystonia: a case report","volume":"69","author":"Weir","year":"1977","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113024.84178.F7","article-title":"Mutations in DYT1: extension of the phenotypic and mutational spectrum","volume":"62","author":"Kabakci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00151-0","article-title":"Two phenotypes and anticipation observed in Japanese cases with early onset torsion dystonia (DYT1) - pathophysiological consideration","volume":"22","author":"Nomura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25146","article-title":"THAP1 mutations and dystonia phenotypes: genotype phenotype correlations","volume":"27","author":"Xiromerisiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp172","article-title":"The monogenic primary dystonias","volume":"132","author":"Muller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.04.019","article-title":"An African-American family with dystonia","volume":"17","author":"Puschmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.3.218","article-title":"Hereditary whispering dysphonia","volume":"48","author":"Parker","year":"1985","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23829","article-title":"Whispering dysphonia (DYT4 dystonia) is caused by a mutation in the TUBB4 gene","volume":"73","author":"Lohmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23866","article-title":"Whispering dysphonia in an Australian family (DYT4): a clinical and genetic reappraisal","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(02)00128-1","article-title":"Unusual phenotypic expression of the DYT1 mutation","volume":"9","author":"Gatto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.10.1255","article-title":"High dosage anticholinergic therapy in dystonia","volume":"33","author":"Fahn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.160","article-title":"Torsion dystonia: a double-blind, prospective trial of high-dosage trihexyphenidyl","volume":"36","author":"Burke","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.07.008","article-title":"Re-emergence of striatal cholinergic interneurons in movement disorders","volume":"30","author":"Pisani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib94","first-page":"561","article-title":"Dopamine agonists and antagonists in the treatment of idiopathic dystonia","volume":"50","author":"Lang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110108","article-title":"Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study","volume":"11","author":"Jankovic","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.2.358","article-title":"Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders","volume":"48","author":"Jankovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00014-0","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for dystonia","volume":"116","author":"Vidailhet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23619","article-title":"Intraoperative neurophysiology in DBS for dystonia","volume":"26","author":"Vitek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.45","article-title":"History, applications, and mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"70","author":"Miocinovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.109694","article-title":"Effect of electrode contact location on clinical efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in primary generalised dystonia","volume":"78","author":"Tisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib101","first-page":"800","article-title":"Bradykinesia induced by frequency-specific pallidal stimulation in patients with cervical and segmental dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat","volume":"21","author":"Huebl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820f2e4f","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary cervical dystonia","volume":"76","author":"Ostrem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1353802016304278?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1353802016304278?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]],"date-time":"2019-09-15T04:26:51Z","timestamp":1568521611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1353802016304278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":102,"alternative-id":["S1353802016304278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8020","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mild parkinsonian features in dystonia: Literature review, mechanisms and clinical perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}