{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:33:33Z","timestamp":1787240013915,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","prd-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T11:45:27Z","timestamp":1563882327000},"page":"25-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dystonia in atypical parkinsonian disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6438-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marsili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Kojovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3389-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto J.","family":"Espay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Colosimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib1","series-title":"Dystonia and Dystonic Syndromes","first-page":"89","article-title":"Dystonia in multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration","author":"Marsili","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827f0fd1","article-title":"Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration","volume":"80","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib3","first-page":"781479","article-title":"Medical record review to differentiate between idiopathic Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: a Danish record linkage study with 10 Years of follow-up","author":"Wermuth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib4","first-page":"S1353","article-title":"Red flags phenotyping: a systematic review on clinical features in atypical parkinsonian disorders","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2017.11.004","article-title":"Comparison of dystonia between Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonism: the clinical usefulness of dystonia distribution and characteristics in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism","volume":"52","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.06.017","article-title":"Neurophysiological studies on atypical parkinsonian syndromes","volume":"42","author":"Bologna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.10.1571","article-title":"Dystonia in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"40","author":"Rivest","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10499","article-title":"The \u2018risus sardonicus\u2019 of multiple system atrophy","volume":"18","author":"Wenning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro1006","article-title":"Cranial movement disorders: clinical features, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.3.300","article-title":"Dystonia in multiple system atrophy","volume":"72","author":"Boesch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21992","article-title":"European MSA study group, red flags for multiple system Atrophy","volume":"23","author":"Kollensperger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2008000600004","article-title":"Clinical features of dystonia in atypical parkinsonism","volume":"66","author":"Godeiro-Junior","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21058","article-title":"Joint and skeletal deformities in Parkinson's disease, multiple system Atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"21","author":"Ashour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20948","article-title":"Dropped head syndrome in Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Kashihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.835","article-title":"Clinical features and natural history of multiple system atrophy. An analysis of 100 cases","volume":"117","author":"Wenning","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.2.160","article-title":"Clinicopathological study of 35 cases of multiple system atrophy","volume":"58","author":"Wenning","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120203","article-title":"Multiple system atrophy: a review of 203 pathologically proven cases","volume":"12","author":"Wenning","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.359","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness in multiple system atrophy (SLEEMSA study)","volume":"68","author":"Moreno-L\u00f3pez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200202150-00012","article-title":"Adult scoliosis: a quantitative radiographic and clinical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Schwab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70067-9","article-title":"Postural deformities in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Doherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.11.012","article-title":"Clinical correlates of anterior and lateral flexion of the thoracolumbar spine and dropped head in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Kashihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.150011","article-title":"Camptocormia in Parkinson disease: an epidemiological and clinical study","volume":"80","author":"Tiple","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib23","first-page":"94","article-title":"New dystonic syndrome associated with butyrophenone therapy","volume":"202","author":"Ekbom","year":"1972","journal-title":"Z. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130342","article-title":"Pisa syndrome in a patient with multiple system atrophy","volume":"13","author":"Colosimo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253-264","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-01986-1","article-title":"Hand, foot, and spine deformities in parkinsonian disorders","volume":"126","author":"Wijemanne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1964.00460160003001","article-title":"A heterogeneous degeneration involving the brain stem, basal ganglia and cerebellum with vertical gaze and pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia","volume":"10","author":"Steele","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(72)90740-4","article-title":"Ocular manifestations in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"74","author":"Pfaffenbach","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870040402","article-title":"Eyelid movement abnormalities in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"4","author":"Golbe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib29","series-title":"Advances in Neurology","first-page":"293","article-title":"Progressive supranuclear palsy: motor, neurobehavioural and neuro-ophthalmological findings","author":"Jankovic","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720200080","article-title":"Frequency of apraxia of eyelid opening in the general population and in patients with extrapyramidal disorders","volume":"23","author":"Lamberti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2005.1.2.159","article-title":"Clinical analysis of blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in patients with parkinsonism","volume":"1","author":"Yoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1159\/000341621","article-title":"Prevalence of blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in patients with parkinsonism, cervical dystonia and essential tremor","volume":"68","author":"Rana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.4.352","article-title":"Dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"62","author":"Barclay","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.6.1491","article-title":"Apraxia of lid opening: a review","volume":"48","author":"Boghen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090605","article-title":"\"Apraxia of lid opening\", a focal eyelid dystonia: clinical study of 32 patients","volume":"9","author":"Krack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib36","series-title":"Handbook of Atypical Parkinsonism","author":"Colosimo","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1928","article-title":"Procerus sign in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"57","author":"Romano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303993","article-title":"Facial bradykinesia","volume":"84","author":"Bologna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(02)00128-2","article-title":"Levodopa-induced oromandibular dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"105","author":"Tan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20545","article-title":"Treatment of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Lang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.12008","article-title":"Levodopa-induced facial dystonia in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"5","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.9.1546","article-title":"Limb dystonia in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"37","author":"Rafal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-002-0531-y","article-title":"Progressive supranuclear palsy with asymmetric tau pathology presenting with unilateral limb dystonia","volume":"104","author":"Oide","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26054","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-endorsed PSP Study Group, the phenotypic spectrum of progressive supranuclear palsy: a retrospective multicenter study of 100 definite cases","volume":"29","author":"Respondek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.7.957","article-title":"Clinical presentation and pharmacological therapy in corticobasal degeneration","volume":"55","author":"Kompoliti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1038","article-title":"Dystonia in corticobasal degeneration","volume":"16","author":"Vanek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00416-1","article-title":"Calculation impairment in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"208","author":"Halpern","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000026","article-title":"Corticobasal syndrome: five new things","volume":"4","author":"Chahine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24992","article-title":"Dystonia in corticobasal degeneration: a review of the literature on 404 pathologically proven cases","volume":"27","author":"Stamelou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2009.01039.x","article-title":"Neuropathological correlates of lower limb corticobasal degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Horvath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq123","article-title":"Does corticobasal degeneration exist? A clinicopathological re-evaluation","volume":"133","author":"Ling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.43","article-title":"Corticobasal degeneration: a pathologically distinct 4R tauopathy","volume":"7","author":"Kouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.8.1432","article-title":"Meige syndrome in the spectrum of Lewy body disease","volume":"44","author":"Mark","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209500411","article-title":"Meige's syndrome in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"95","author":"Tabet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib55","first-page":"39","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy bodies in meige syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22182","article-title":"Reversal of head drop after discontinuation of olanzapine in a DLB patient","volume":"23","author":"Aries","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.50.147","article-title":"Case of dementia with Lewy bodies showing cervical dystonia after donepezil administration","volume":"50","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1740","article-title":"Dropped head syndrome preceding the onset of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"53","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-000843","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy bodies presenting marked tongue protrusion and bite due to lingual dystonia: a case report","volume":"56","author":"Shiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440703","article-title":"The natural history of Parkinson's disease","volume":"44","author":"Poewe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.859","article-title":"The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man","volume":"117","author":"Bhatia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.1.20","article-title":"Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia","volume":"64","author":"DeLong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.11.062","article-title":"Dystonia as a network disorder: what is the role of the cerebellum?","volume":"260","author":"Prudente","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25532","article-title":"Emerging concepts in the physiological basis of dystonia","volume":"28","author":"Quartarone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt150","article-title":"Secondary and primary dystonia: pathophysiological differences","volume":"136","author":"Kojovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.08.028","article-title":"Bradykinesia in early and advanced Parkinson's disease","volume":"369","author":"Bologna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr149","article-title":"Abnormal cortical synaptic plasticity in primary motor area in progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"22","author":"Conte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebr. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.032","article-title":"Reversal of long term potentiation-like plasticity in primary motor cortex in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"128","author":"Bologna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4306","article-title":"Hyperkinetic disorders and loss of synaptic downscaling","volume":"19","author":"Calabresi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.05.001","article-title":"Dystonia and Parkinson's disease: what is the relationship?","author":"Shetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26987","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-endorsed PSP Study Group, Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria","volume":"32","author":"H\u00f6glinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.12.025","article-title":"Persistence of limb dystonia and myoclonus during sleep in corticobasal syndrome: a case series","author":"Infante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib73","first-page":"141","article-title":"Is it useful to classify progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration as different disorders? No, mov. Disord","volume":"5","author":"H\u00f6glinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27666","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-endorsed PSP Study Group, How to apply the movement disorder society criteria for diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy","author":"Grimm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib75","series-title":"Disorders of Movement, A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment","first-page":"4","author":"Martino","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25364","article-title":"Levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease: current and evolving concepts","author":"Espay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22977","article-title":"What features improve the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism (PSP-P)?","volume":"25","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.6.821","article-title":"Stridor during dystonic phases of Parkinson's disease","volume":"50","author":"Corbin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070204","article-title":"Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: clinical and pharmacological classification","volume":"7","author":"Luquin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib80","first-page":"955","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and dropped head","volume":"43","author":"Yamada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-7006-3","article-title":"Dropped head in Parkinson's disease","volume":"253","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10072","article-title":"Disordered respiration as a levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease","volume":"17","author":"Rice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib83","series-title":"Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease","article-title":"Features and mechanisms of diphasic dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease","author":"Merello","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130280","article-title":"Nocturnal manifestations of atypical parkinsonian disorders","volume":"4","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parkinson's Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib85","series-title":"Levodopa-induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease","article-title":"Phenomenology of levodopa-induced dyskinesia","author":"Zis","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004238","article-title":"Teaching Video NeuroImages: the underrecognized diphasic dyskinesia of Parkinson disease","volume":"89","author":"Verhagen Metman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12023","article-title":"IPMDS-sponsored scale translation program: process, format, and clinimetric testing plan for the MDS-UPDRS and UDysRS","volume":"1","author":"Goetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib89","article-title":"Bringing order to higher order motor disorders","author":"Kojovi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21694","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of lateral axial dystonia in Parkinsonism","volume":"22","author":"Bonanni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afn103","article-title":"A case of corticobasal degeneration presenting with alien limb syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Tiwari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0551-3","article-title":"Therapeutic management of the overlapping syndromes of atypical parkinsonism","volume":"32","author":"Giagkou","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84-88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.09.003","article-title":"An update on new and unique uses of botulinum toxin in movement disorders","volume":"147","author":"Jankovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.12.002","article-title":"Use of botulinum toxin in Parkinson's disease","volume":"59","author":"Jocson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107-110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.08.018","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in parkinsonism: the when, how, and which for botulinum toxin injections","volume":"147","author":"Cardoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10704","article-title":"Computed tomographically-controlled injection of botulinum toxin into the longus colli muscle in severe anterocollis","volume":"19","author":"Herting","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2015.06.004","article-title":"Treatment of camptocormia with botulinum toxin","volume":"107","author":"Bertram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197792157160","article-title":"Rehabilitation and Parkinson's disease","volume":"24","author":"Formisano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr544oa","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of the Alexander technique for idiopathic Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Stallibrass","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.07.114","article-title":"Posterior occipitocervical instrumented fusion for dropped head syndrome after deep brain stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25123","article-title":"Clinicopathological study in progressive supranuclear palsy with pedunculopontine stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Hazrati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.07.004","article-title":"Subthalamic stimulation improves levodopa responsive symptoms in a case of progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"14","author":"Bergmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000368702","article-title":"Bilateral peduncu- lopontine nucleus stimulation for progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"93","author":"Doshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.08.004","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the internal pallidum in multiple system atrophy","volume":"12","author":"Santens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.01.005","article-title":"Outcome of deep brain stimulation in slowly progressive multiple system atrophy: a clinico-pathological series and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Meissner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.140208","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of peduncolopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy: report of three cases","volume":"5","author":"Servello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.32.1.28","article-title":"Orthostatic hypotension and nicotine sensitivity in a case of multiple system atrophy","volume":"32","author":"Graham","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92300-3","article-title":"Disproportionate antecollis in multiple system atrophy","volume":"333","author":"Quinn","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02309628","article-title":"Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy, American Autonomic Society and American Academy of Neurology","volume":"8","author":"Gilman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.7.1005","article-title":"The clinical features and natural history of the Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy)","volume":"36","author":"Maher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.11.2015","article-title":"Preliminary NINDS neuropathologic criteria for Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome (progressive supranuclear palsy)","volume":"44","author":"Hauw","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.1.1","article-title":"Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop","volume":"47","author":"Litvan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.5.1171","article-title":"Corticobasal degeneration","volume":"112","author":"Gibb","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.649","article-title":"Not paralysis, but dystonia causes stridor in multiple system atrophy","volume":"58","author":"Merlo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200009","article-title":"Botulinum toxin treatment in atypical parkinsonian disorders associated with disabling focal dystonia","volume":"249","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1186","article-title":"Treatment of dystonic clenched fist with botulinum toxin","volume":"16","author":"Cordivari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2226-x","article-title":"Corticobasal degeneration: clinical characteristics and multidisciplinary therapeutic approach in 26 patients","volume":"36","author":"Shehata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Parkinsonism &amp; Related Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1353802019303207?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1353802019303207?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:19:18Z","timestamp":1761178758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1353802019303207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["S1353802019303207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8020"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8020","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dystonia in atypical parkinsonian disorders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.07.030","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}