{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:18:30Z","timestamp":1785842310156,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Surgical Pathology Clinics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,23]],"date-time":"2011-02-23T10:03:39Z","timestamp":1298455419000},"page":"87-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pathology of Vulvar Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Edyta C.","family":"Pirog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23759","article-title":"Incidence of in situ and invasive vulvar cancer in the US, 1998\u20132003","volume":"113","author":"Saraiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.037","article-title":"Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma development after diagnosis of VIN increases with age","volume":"45","author":"van de Nieuwenhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib3","first-page":"613","article-title":"Trends in vulvar neoplasia. Increasing incidence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in young women","volume":"45","author":"Joura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib4","first-page":"807","article-title":"Squamous vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: 2004 modified terminology, ISSVD Vulvar Oncology Subcommittee","volume":"50","author":"Sideri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib5","first-page":"46","article-title":"Report of a new ISSVD classification of VIN","volume":"11","author":"Heller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MP.0000081051.55284.2A","article-title":"Low-grade vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: correlation of histologic features with human papillomavirus DNA detection and MIB-1 immunostaining","volume":"16","author":"Logani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213291.96401.48","article-title":"The distribution of low and high-risk HPV types in vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN and VaIN)","volume":"30","author":"Srodon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000189238.19027.df","article-title":"Pathologic audit of 164 consecutive cases of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"25","author":"Scurry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24116","article-title":"Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis","volume":"124","author":"De Vuyst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-200101000-00003","article-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: historical aspects and current status","volume":"20","author":"Hart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181966f2d","article-title":"Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia with mucinous differentiation: report of 2 cases of a hitherto undescribed phenomenon","volume":"33","author":"McCluggage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200504000-00007","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and p16(INK4a) protein expression in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Rufforny","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000187301.76283.7f","article-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: aspects of the natural history and outcome in 405 women","volume":"106","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib14","first-page":"947","article-title":"Outcome of treated anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women","volume":"53","author":"Dedes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Reprod Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0b0318134ea34","article-title":"Differentiated intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva","volume":"27","author":"Mulvany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e318178e53b","article-title":"The absence of high-risk HPV combined with specific p53 and p16INK4a expression patterns points to the HPV-independent pathway as the causative agent for vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor simplex VIN in a young patient","volume":"27","author":"Kruse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(98)90198-8","article-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus and squamous cell carcinoma: a cohort, case control, and investigational study with historical perspective; implications for chronic inflammation and sclerosis in the development of neoplasia","volume":"29","author":"Carlson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2000.5739","article-title":"Allelic imbalance in lichen sclerosus, hyperplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva","volume":"77","author":"Pinto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90113-6","article-title":"p53 mutations and clonality in vulvar carcinomas and squamous hyperplasias: evidence suggesting that squamous hyperplasias do not serve as direct precursors of human papillomavirus-negative vulvar carcinomas","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601444","article-title":"TP53 mutations in vulval lichen sclerosus adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva","volume":"89","author":"Rolfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib21","first-page":"1655","article-title":"Carcinoma of the vulva: HPV and p53 mutations","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(98)00407-9","article-title":"Abnormal expression or mutation of TP53 and HPV in vulvar cancer","volume":"35","author":"Ngan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181b40081","article-title":"HPV-negative vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) with basaloid histologic pattern: an unrecognized variant of simplex (differentiated) VIN","volume":"33","author":"Ordi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200003000-00013","article-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of the simplex (differentiated) type: a clinicopathologic study including analysis of HPV and p53 expression","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000130108.03231.89","article-title":"Immunohistochemical staining for p16 and p53 in premalignant and malignant epithelial lesions of the vulva","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02321.x","article-title":"p53 immunostaining in lichen sclerosus is related to ischaemic stress and is not\u00a0a marker of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (d-VIN)","volume":"48","author":"Liegl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-200301000-00012","article-title":"Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia in lichen sclerosus of the vulva","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/IGC.0b013e3181a12fa2","article-title":"Differentiated-type vulval intraepithelial neoplasia has a high-risk association with vulval squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"19","author":"Eva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-200304000-00003","article-title":"Pagetoid squamous cell carcinoma in situ (pagetoid Bowen's disease) of the external genitalia","volume":"22","author":"Raju","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.02.011","article-title":"Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva","volume":"105","author":"Hacker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.02.012","article-title":"Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium","volume":"105","author":"Pecorelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3801009","article-title":"Prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomaviruses in different histologic subtypes of vulvar carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"de Koning","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199302000-00005","article-title":"Basaloid and warty carcinomas of the vulva. Distinctive types of squamous cell carcinoma frequently associated with human papillomaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Kurman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213251.82940.bf","article-title":"p16 overexpression identifies HPV-positive vulvar squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"30","author":"Santos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.08.007","article-title":"Validation of the accuracy of the sentinel lymph node procedure in patients with vulvar cancer: results of a multicenter study in Germany","volume":"111","author":"Hampl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23857","article-title":"A panel of p16(INK4A), MIB1 and p53 proteins can distinguish between the 2 pathways leading to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"123","author":"Hoevenaars","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-09-0209","article-title":"The etiologic role of HPV in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma fine tuned","volume":"18","author":"van de Nieuwenhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.06.026","article-title":"HPV-induced oropharyngeal cancer, immune response and response to therapy","volume":"288","author":"Vu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200405000-00012","article-title":"Vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation: a precursor to verrucous carcinoma?","volume":"28","author":"Nascimento","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.2003.13200.x","article-title":"Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity","volume":"13","author":"Gualco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1998.5307","article-title":"Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"73","author":"Massad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.5858\/2005-129-747-DOMIVA","article-title":"Detection of microinvasion in vulvar and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using double immunostaining for cytokeratin and basement membrane components","volume":"129","author":"Rush","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200010000-00009","article-title":"MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum","volume":"24","author":"Pirog","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e31817c6a7d","article-title":"Hidradenoma papilliferum with a ductal carcinoma in situ component: case report and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Vazmitel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200607000-00007","article-title":"Villoglandular adenocarcinoma in situ of intestinal type of the hymen: de novo origin from squamous mucosa?","volume":"10","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000194052.65695.f1","article-title":"Vulvar Toker cells: the long-awaited missing link: a proposal for an origin-based histogenetic classification of extramammary Paget's disease","volume":"28","author":"Belousova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000158291.20440.13","article-title":"Vulvar clear cells of Toker: precursors of extramammary Paget's disease","volume":"27","author":"Willman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200304000-00009","article-title":"Vulvar Paget's disease: one century after first reported","volume":"7","author":"Preti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70143-2","article-title":"Paget's disease of the vulva: prevalence of associated vulvar adenocarcinoma, invasive Paget's disease, and recurrence after surgical excision","volume":"180","author":"Fanning","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-199910000-00010","article-title":"Prognostic factors in Paget's disease of the vulva: a study of 21 cases","volume":"18","author":"Crawford","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e","article-title":"Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course","volume":"29","author":"Shaco-Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2002.124788","article-title":"Vulvar Paget's disease of urothelial origin: a report of three cases and a proposed classification of vulvar Paget's disease","volume":"33","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199802000-00004","article-title":"Perianal Paget's disease: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases with and without associated rectal adenocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Goldblum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1987.tb01337.x","article-title":"Antibody to S-100 protein aids the separation of pagetoid melanoma from mammary and extramammary Paget's disease","volume":"14","author":"Glasgow","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.08.030","article-title":"Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland: report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"}],"container-title":["Surgical Pathology Clinics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1875918110000024?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1875918110000024?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T10:23:47Z","timestamp":1637317427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1875918110000024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1875918110000024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.path.2010.03.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-9181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-9181","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}}}