{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:57:42Z","timestamp":1789045062405,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","pathologyjournal.rcpa.edu.au","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T14:31:05Z","timestamp":1529591465000},"page":"536-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The cocaine cutting agent levamisole is frequently detected in cocaine users"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Pope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf H.","family":"Drummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans G.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib1","series-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey Detailed Report: 2016","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib2","series-title":"World Drug Report 2016","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib3","series-title":"Drug Intelligence Brief: Cocaine Containing Levamisole Adversely Affecting Drug Users in the United States","author":"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Intelligence Production Unit","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.033","article-title":"The cutting of cocaine and heroin: a critical review","volume":"262","author":"Bros\u00e9us","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.035","article-title":"Levamisole enhances the rewarding and locomotor-activating effects of cocaine in rats","volume":"149","author":"Tallarida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.11.010","article-title":"Aminorex, a metabolite of the cocaine adulterant levamisole, exerts amphetamine like actions at monoamine transporters","volume":"73","author":"Hofmaier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.1.156","article-title":"Aminorex to fen\/phen: an epidemic foretold","volume":"99","author":"Fishman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.03.028","article-title":"Aminorex associated with possible idiopathic pulmonary hypertension in a cocaine user","volume":"240","author":"Karch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.06.105","article-title":"Aminorex poisoning in cocaine abusers","volume":"158","author":"Karch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V56.3.388.388","article-title":"Studies on levamisole-induced agranulocytosis","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.03.010","article-title":"Complications associated with use of levamisole-contaminated cocaine: an emerging public health challenge","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.01.005","article-title":"Levamisole-adulterated cocaine: two fatal case reports and evaluation of possible cocaine toxicity potentiation","volume":"265","author":"Indorato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.01.015","article-title":"Levamisole adulterated cocaine and pulmonary vasculitis: presentation of two lethal cases and brief literature review","volume":"265","author":"Karch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt071","article-title":"Drug screening in medical examiner casework by high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MSE-TOF)","volume":"37","author":"Rosano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000417","article-title":"Challenges for detecting valproic acid in a non-targeted urine drug screening method","volume":"39","author":"Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1054499","article-title":"Prevalence of levamisole and aminorex in patients tested positive for cocaine in a French University Hospital","volume":"53","author":"Eiden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031302518300837?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031302518300837?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]],"date-time":"2019-10-19T20:38:06Z","timestamp":1571517486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031302518300837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031302518300837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3025"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3025","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The cocaine cutting agent levamisole is frequently detected in cocaine users","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}