{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:13:09Z","timestamp":1780539189759,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]],"date-time":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,30]],"date-time":"2004-01-30T10:15:37Z","timestamp":1075457737000},"page":"547-555","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The cognitive-enhancing properties of modafinil are limited in non-sleep-deprived middle-aged volunteers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Delia C","family":"Randall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola L","family":"Fleck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Shneerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra E","family":"File","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700035662","article-title":"Cognitive performance in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in the elderly depressed","volume":"26","author":"Beats","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0924933800000201","article-title":"Antagonism by modafinil of the psychomotor and cognitive impairment induced by sleep-deprivation in 12 healthy volunteers","volume":"6","author":"Bensimon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200102120-00038","article-title":"First evidence of a delay-dependent working memory-enhancing effect of modafinil in mice","volume":"12","author":"Beracochea","year":"2001","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(02)00877-8","article-title":"Improvement of learning processes following chronic systemic administration of modafinil in mice","volume":"73","author":"Beracochea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02285.x","article-title":"The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings","volume":"47","author":"Bond","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(86)90021-9","article-title":"A method to elicit aggressive feelings and behaviour via provocation","volume":"22","author":"Bond","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB7","first-page":"A71","article-title":"Effects of modafinil on the rat 5 choice serial reaction time test, a rodent model of attention","volume":"17","author":"Burnham","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000450","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study","volume":"150","author":"Caldwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90081-P","article-title":"Development of a fatigue scale","volume":"37","author":"Chalder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199611040-00043","article-title":"Memory dysfunction of the frontal type in normal ageing","volume":"7","author":"Daum","year":"1996","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB11","series-title":"Caffeine. Perspectives from recent research","first-page":"86","article-title":"Behavioural effects of caffeine","author":"Dews","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050284","article-title":"Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults","volume":"131","author":"Elliott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.252.14.1905","article-title":"Detecting alcoholism: the CAGE questionnaire","volume":"252","author":"Ewing","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199912000-00004","article-title":"Beneficial effects of glycine (bioglycin) on memory and attention in young and middle-aged adults","volume":"19","author":"File","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100845","article-title":"Eating soya improves human memory","volume":"157","author":"File","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200104000-00002","article-title":"Are lorazepam-induced deficits in attention similar to those resulting from aging?","volume":"21","author":"Fluck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200202000-00010","article-title":"Cognitive effects of 10 years of hormone-replacement therapy with tibolone","volume":"22","author":"Fluck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/h0059831","article-title":"A behavioural analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem","volume":"38","author":"Grant","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB19","series-title":"Principles and practice of sleep medicine","first-page":"687","article-title":"Idiopathic central nervous system hypersomnia","author":"Guilleminault","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(03)00123-0","article-title":"Effects of cognition and mood in postmenopausal women of 1-week treatment with ginkgo biloba","volume":"75","author":"Hartley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470080506","article-title":"Effects of smoking on cognitive performance and psychophysiological parameters as a function of smoking state","volume":"8","author":"Hasenfratz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(89)90008-0","article-title":"Rates of forgetting in normal ageing: a comparison with dementia","volume":"27","author":"Huppert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB23","series-title":"The series of plates designed as a test for colour-deficiency","author":"Ishihara","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540","article-title":"A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale","volume":"14","author":"Johns","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp0703_2","article-title":"Disrupted sleep-wake rhythm and performance: advantages of modafinil","volume":"7","author":"Lagarde","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mil. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000106645","article-title":"Effect of normal aging and of Alzheimer's disease on episodic memory","volume":"8","author":"Le Moal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000037481.08283.51","article-title":"Modafinil reduces excessive somnolence and enhances mood in patients with mytonic dystrophy","volume":"59","author":"MacDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.4.598","article-title":"Age, executive function, and social decision making: a dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging","volume":"17","author":"MacPherson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0510","article-title":"Modafinil augmentation of antidepressant treatment in depression","volume":"61","author":"Menza","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB30","first-page":"23","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic profile of modafinil","volume":"32","author":"Moachon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs of Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB31","series-title":"National Adult Reading Test (NART): test manual","author":"Nelson","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200203000-00010","article-title":"Treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease with modafinil","volume":"25","author":"Nieves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90137-D","article-title":"Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man","volume":"28","author":"Owen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(91)90063-E","article-title":"Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional shift set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man","volume":"29","author":"Owen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.6.1727","article-title":"Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease","volume":"115","author":"Owen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00098-A","article-title":"Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excision, frontal lobe excision or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man","volume":"33","author":"Owen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00172.x","article-title":"Modafinil, d-amphetamine and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work: I. Effects on mood, fatigue, cognitive performance and body temperature","volume":"4","author":"Pigeau","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.179","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of modafinil (Provigil) for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a two centre phase 2 study","volume":"72","author":"Rammohan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.456","article-title":"Modafinil affects mood, but not cognitive function, in healthy young volunteers","volume":"18","author":"Randall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB65","series-title":"The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery","author":"Reitan","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB41","first-page":"266","article-title":"The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery CANTAB: a factor analytical study in a large number of normal elderly volunteers","volume":"5","author":"Robbins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00018","article-title":"Effects of modafinil in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: an open-label study","volume":"40","author":"Rugino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB45","first-page":"399","article-title":"Computerised assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB: discussion paper","volume":"85","author":"Sahakian","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.3.695","article-title":"A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson's disease","volume":"111","author":"Sahakian","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90055-S","article-title":"Sparing of attentional relative to mnemonic function in a subgroup of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"28","author":"Sahakian","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.3.403","article-title":"The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition","volume":"103","author":"Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0082","article-title":"Specific impairments in planning","volume":"298","author":"Shallice","year":"1982","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1392","article-title":"Selective decline in memory function among healthy elderly","volume":"52","author":"Small","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00443406","article-title":"Effects of nicotine administration following 12 h of tobacco deprivation: assessment on computerized performance tasks","volume":"97","author":"Snyder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB50","first-page":"189","article-title":"Effects of amphetamines on performance and polygraphic sleep parameters in man","volume":"21","author":"Spiegel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Adv. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550050071026","article-title":"Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging","volume":"53","author":"Spiers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB52","series-title":"A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary","author":"Spreen","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(1998100)13:7<501::AID-HUP26>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Effects of modafinil on attentional processes during 60 hours of sleep deprivation","volume":"13","author":"Stivalet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction","volume":"18","author":"Stroop","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2000.10.311","article-title":"Efficacy of modafinil compared to dextroamphetamine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200104000-00015","article-title":"Comparing guanfacine and dextroamphetamine for the treatment of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1250-8","article-title":"Cognitive enhancing effects of modafinil in healthy volunteers","volume":"165","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB58","series-title":"The role of bodily feelings in anxiety","author":"Tyrer","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB59","first-page":"A356","article-title":"A test of the reliability and validity of a brief, patient-completed severity questionnaire for restless legs syndrome: the international RLS study group rating scale","volume":"24","author":"Walters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB60","series-title":"Wechsler memory scale-revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100916","article-title":"Maintaining alertness and performance during sleep deprivation: modafinil versus caffeine","volume":"159","author":"Wesensten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427761","article-title":"Effects of scopolamine and nicotine on human rapid visual information processing performance","volume":"82","author":"Wesnes","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0765-6","article-title":"Modafinil in treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Results of an open-label study","volume":"249","author":"Zifko","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."}],"container-title":["Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091305703003939?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0091305703003939?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T05:20:38Z","timestamp":1623648038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0091305703003939"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0091305703003939"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2003.12.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-3057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-3057","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]}}}