{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T23:42:04Z","timestamp":1776469324834,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]],"date-time":"2009-07-15T08:48:39Z","timestamp":1247647719000},"page":"31-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Heart Rate, Sympathetic Cardiovascular Influences, and The Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Guido","family":"Grassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Arenare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fosca","family":"Quarti-Trevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Seravalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mancia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328048d004","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Mancia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000217838.49842.1e","article-title":"Identification and management of the hypertensive patient with elevated heart rate: statement of a European Society of Hypertension Consensus Meeting","volume":"24","author":"Palatini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.1.68","article-title":"Baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in essential and secondary hypertension","volume":"31","author":"Grassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.4.560","article-title":"Sympathetic activation in obese normotensive subjects","volume":"25","author":"Grassi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000103123.66264.FE","article-title":"Impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on sympathetic neural mechanisms in hypertension","volume":"108","author":"Huggett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.5.1.86","article-title":"Plasma catecholamines and essential hypertension. An analytical review","volume":"5","author":"Goldstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib7","first-page":"959","article-title":"Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: heterogeneity of findings since 1980","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917060-00001","article-title":"How to assess sympathetic activity in humans","volume":"17","author":"Grassi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.10.3423","article-title":"Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects","volume":"96","author":"Vaz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.4.538","article-title":"Adrenergic and reflex abnormalities in obesity-related hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Grassi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000174243.39897.6c","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea-dependent and-independent adrenergic activation in obesity","volume":"46","author":"Grassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000098660.26184.63","article-title":"Effects of hypertension and obesity on the sympathetic activation of heart failure patients","volume":"42","author":"Grassi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199101000-00012","article-title":"Hyperkinetic borderline hypertension in Tecumseh, Michigan","volume":"9","author":"Julius","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816110-00010","article-title":"Heart rate as marker of sympathetic activity","volume":"16","author":"Grassi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002288","article-title":"Sympathoadrenergic and metabolic factors are involved in ambulatory blood pressure rise in childhood obesity","volume":"22","author":"Gilardini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2008.331","article-title":"Higher heart rate may predispose to obesity and diabetes mellitus: 20-year prospective study in a general population","volume":"22","author":"Shigetoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199405000-00001","article-title":"Sympathetics, insulin resistance and coronary risk in hypertension: the \u201cchicken and-egg\u201d question","volume":"12","author":"Julius","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.19502","article-title":"Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine interrelations with obesity, insulin, and the metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1798-z","article-title":"Neuroadrenergic and reflex abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Grassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03263681","article-title":"Role of the different components of metabolic syndrome in the pathogenesis of the adrenergic overdrive","volume":"15","author":"Quarti-Trevano","year":"2008","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0961","article-title":"Effects of dietary weight loss on sympathetic activity and cardiac risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Straznicky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199512000-00003","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study","volume":"13","author":"Mancia","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000165672.69176.ed","article-title":"Relationship of office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure to blood glucose and lipid variables in the PAMELA population","volume":"45","author":"Mancia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000251933.22091.24","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) study: daily life blood pressure, cardiac damage, and prognosis","volume":"49","author":"Mancia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib25","article-title":"Heart rate as marker of sympathetic activity in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Quarti-Trevano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000255983.32896.b9","article-title":"Excessive sympathetic activation in heart failure with obesit\u00e0 and metabolic syndrome: characteristics and mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Grassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.016","article-title":"Influence of metabolic syndrome on arterial stiffness and its age-related change in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"180","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200409000-00006","article-title":"Counteracting the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Grassi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200409000-00021","article-title":"Improvement of insulin resistance by troglitazone ameliorates cardiac sympathetic nervous dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328302ca38","article-title":"Scientific Council of the European Society of Hypertension. The metabolic syndrome in hypertension: European Society of Hypertension position statement","volume":"26","author":"Redon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003306200900036X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003306200900036X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T14:57:10Z","timestamp":1584111430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003306200900036X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S003306200900036X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-0620"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-0620","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}