{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:30:19Z","timestamp":1791279019136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","progcardvascdis.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T09:43:37Z","timestamp":1453974217000},"page":"537-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":419,"title":["Obesity and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases and Prognosis\u2014The Obesity Paradox Updated"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Carl J.","family":"Lavie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alban","family":"De Schutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parham","family":"Parto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiman","family":"Jahangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kokkinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco B.","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard V.","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.016","article-title":"Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity to cardiovascular disease","volume":"56","author":"Bastien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.01.022","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular diseases: implications regarding fitness, fatness, and severity in the obesity paradox","volume":"63","author":"Lavie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502821","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risks and severity of obesity in children and young adults","volume":"373","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.003","article-title":"Impact of obesity and weight loss on cardiac perrformance and morphology in adults","volume":"56","author":"Alpert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000147","article-title":"Cardiac effects of obesity: pathophysiologic, clinical and prognostic consequences: a review","volume":"36","author":"Alpert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.01.006","article-title":"Impact of obesity and the obesity paradox on prevalence and prognosis in heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307966","article-title":"Body composition and the obesity paradox in coronary heart disease: can heavier really be healthier?","volume":"101","author":"Lavie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.07.009","article-title":"The obesity paradox in heart failure: is it all about fitness, fat, or sex?","volume":"3","author":"Lavie","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.08.010","article-title":"Lifestyle choices fuel epidemics of diabetes and cardiovascular disease among Asian Indians","volume":"58","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.11.006","article-title":"The evidence for saturated fat and for sugar related to coronary heart disease","volume":"58","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.12.019","article-title":"Added fructose: a principal drive of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its consequences","volume":"90","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28595","article-title":"Increased food energy supply is more than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity","volume":"90","author":"Swinburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1912","article-title":"Extra calories cause weight gain\u2014but how much?","volume":"303","author":"Katan","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004745","article-title":"Physically active lifestyle does not decrease the risk of fattening","volume":"4","author":"Westerterp","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019657","article-title":"Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity","volume":"6","author":"Church","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLos One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056620","article-title":"45-Year trends in women's use of time and household management energy expenditure","volume":"8","author":"Archer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.09.009","article-title":"Maternal inactivity: 45-year trends in mothers' use of time","volume":"88","author":"Archer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.305205","article-title":"Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Lavie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.05.003","article-title":"Impact of echocardiographic left ventricular geometry on clinical prognosis","volume":"57","author":"Lavie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7133.2011.00264.x","article-title":"Association of left ventricular geometry with left atrial enlargement in patients with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.07.021","article-title":"Prediction of all-cause mortality by the left atrial volume index in patients with normal left ventricular filling pressure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"90","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0682","article-title":"Left atrial volume index predictive of mortality independent of left ventricular geometry in a large clinical cohort with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"86","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.05.011","article-title":"Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease","volume":"120","author":"Uretsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.08.003","article-title":"The impact of obesity on risk factors and prevalence and prognosis of coronary heart disease: the obesity paradox","volume":"56","author":"De Schutter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0092","article-title":"Body composition and coronary heart disease mortality: an obesity or a lean paradox?","volume":"86","author":"Lavie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.06.006","article-title":"The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease","volume":"122","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.05.037","article-title":"Body composition and survival in stable coronary heart disease: impact of lean mass index and body fat in the \u201cobesity paradox\u201d","volume":"60","author":"Lavie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.01.013","article-title":"The obesity paradox, cardiorespiratory fitness, and coronary heart disease","volume":"87","author":"McAuley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69251-9","article-title":"Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies","volume":"368","author":"Romero-Corral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-307119","article-title":"Association of body mass index with mortality and cardiovascular events for patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.113905","article-title":"Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"309","author":"Flegal","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.11.058","article-title":"Central obesity and survival in subjects with coronary artery disease: a systematic review of the literature and collaborative analysis with individual subject data","volume":"57","author":"Coutinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.10.035","article-title":"Combining body mass index with measures of central obesity in the assessment of mortality in subjects with coronary disease: role of \u201cnormal weight central obesity\u201d","volume":"61","author":"Coutinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2217\/fca.13.84","article-title":"Obesity paradox in different populations: evidence and controversies","volume":"10","author":"Goel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.11.013","article-title":"Relation of body fat categories by Gallagher classification and by continuous variables to mortality in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"111","author":"De Schutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e31828254fc","article-title":"Correlation and discrepancies between obesity by body mass index and body fat in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"33","author":"De Schutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328363bcca","article-title":"Obesity paradox and the heart: which indicator of obesity best describes this complex relationship?","volume":"16","author":"De Schutter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-303066","article-title":"Moderate overweight is beneficial and severe obesity detrimental for patients with documented atherosclerotic heart disease","volume":"99","author":"Azimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-303487","article-title":"Is there an obesity, overweight or lean paradox in coronary heart disease? Getting to the 'fat' of the matter","volume":"99","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.004","article-title":"Obesity and obesity paradox in heart failure","volume":"56","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.12.003","article-title":"Update on obesity and obesity paradox in heart failure","volume":"58","author":"Lavie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.02.024","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relation of body mass index to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"115","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.072","article-title":"Body mass index and mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure across the world: a global obesity paradox","volume":"63","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.06.009","article-title":"The heart failure overweight\/obesity survival paradox: the missing sex link","volume":"3","author":"Vest","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.07.001","article-title":"Lifestyle modification in the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"58","author":"Menezes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.07.002","article-title":"Trends in hospitalization in atrial fibrillation: epidemiology, cost, and implications for the future","volume":"58","author":"Sheikh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.08.003","article-title":"Advances in the prevention and treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"58","author":"Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.10.004","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and obesity: results of a meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Wanahita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.20.2471","article-title":"Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation","volume":"292","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn324","article-title":"Obesity as a risk factor for the progression of paroxysmal to permanent atrial fibrillation: a longitudinal cohort study of 21years","volume":"29","author":"Tsang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.068","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss","volume":"53","author":"Lavie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.11.026","article-title":"Influence of obesity on outcomes in atrial fibrillation: yet another obesity paradox","volume":"123","author":"Badheka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm243","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of body mass index to detect obesity in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"28","author":"Romero-Corral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00031-6","article-title":"Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox","volume":"91","author":"Lavie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.02.050","article-title":"The obesity paradox in men versus women with systolic heart failure","volume":"110","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1431","article-title":"Statins modulate the mortality risk associated with obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness in diabetics","volume":"98","author":"Nyl\u00e9n","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2407","article-title":"BMI\u2013mortality paradox and fitness in African American and Caucasian men with type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/chf.12038","article-title":"Prognosis of morbid obesity patients with advanced heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/chf.12040","article-title":"Analyzing the weight of evidence on the obesity paradox and heart failure: is there a limit to the madness?","volume":"19","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Congest Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.017","article-title":"Obesity and prognosis: just one of many cardiovascular paradoxes","volume":"56","author":"Lavie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.002","article-title":"Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Barry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.09.011","article-title":"Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status","volume":"57","author":"Myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.09.008","article-title":"Physical activity versus cardiorespiratory fitness: two (partly) distinct components of cardiovascular health?","volume":"57","author":"DeFina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.165","article-title":"Healthy obese versus unhealthy lean: the obesity paradox","volume":"11","author":"Lavie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2015.05.001","article-title":"Role of fitness in the metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: a review and update","volume":"58","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs174","article-title":"The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness","volume":"34","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.11.020","article-title":"Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox in patients with heart failure","volume":"88","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0562","article-title":"Obesity paradox and cardiorespiratory fitness in 12,417 male veterans aged 40 to 70years","volume":"85","author":"McAuley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.01.029","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and the paradoxical BMI\u2014mortality risk association in male veterans","volume":"89","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.10.023","article-title":"Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on the obesity paradox in patients with systolic heart failure","volume":"115","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.03.027","article-title":"The interaction of exercise ability and body mass index upon long-term outcomes among patients undergoing stress\u2013rest perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography imaging","volume":"166","author":"Uretsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.03.026","article-title":"Does fitness completely explain the obesity paradox?","volume":"166","author":"Lavie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.001244","article-title":"Physical activity, obesity, weight change, and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"7","author":"Huxley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.03.043","article-title":"Importance of physical fitness on predictive effect of body mass index and weight gain on incident atrial fibrillation in healthy middle-age men","volume":"110","author":"Grundvold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.488","article-title":"Impact of CARDIOrespiratory FITness on Arrhythmia Recurrence in Obese Individuals with Atrial Fibrillation: the CARDIO-FIT study","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.012","article-title":"The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and maintenance","volume":"56","author":"Swift","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.009","article-title":"Potential benefits of weight loss in coronary heart disease","volume":"56","author":"Ades","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800875","article-title":"Weight loss increases and fat loss decreases all-cause mortality rates: results from two independent cohort studies","volume":"23","author":"Allison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1212914","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes","volume":"369","author":"The Look AHEAD Study Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.04.033","article-title":"The prognostic importance of weight loss in coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Pack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0121993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121993","article-title":"Intentional weight loss and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"10","author":"Kritchevsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.03.002","article-title":"Long-term effect of goal directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: a long-term follow-up study (LEGACY Study)","volume":"65","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"131","key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014833","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: results from the Henry Ford ExercIse Tesing (FIT) Project","volume":"26","author":"Qureshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000467518.59380.e0","article-title":"5A.02: fitness status and risk for atrial fibrillation","volume":"33","author":"Pittaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.005","article-title":"Weight loss strategies for treatment of obesity","volume":"56","author":"Kushner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.12.005","article-title":"Bulking up skeletal muscle to improve heart failure prognosis","author":"Lavie","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3182642688","article-title":"Effects of muscular strength on cardiovascular risk factors and prognosis","volume":"32","author":"Artero","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.01.008","article-title":"Body mass index, the most widely used but also widely criticized index: would a gold-standard measure of total body fat be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality?","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306883","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.01.001","article-title":"Low weight and overweightness in older adults: risk and clinical management","volume":"57","author":"Jahangir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"}],"container-title":["Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033062016300081?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033062016300081?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,15]],"date-time":"2018-09-15T18:54:18Z","timestamp":1537037658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033062016300081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033062016300081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-0620"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-0620","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Obesity and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases and Prognosis\u2014The Obesity Paradox Updated","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcad.2016.01.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}