{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T17:08:14Z","timestamp":1788800894111,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004048","name":"Kashan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","primary-care-diabetes.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Primary Care Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:23:39Z","timestamp":1784067819000},"page":"510-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital health interventions for diabetes management in the eastern mediterranean region: A systematic review of types and effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nafiseh","family":"Jamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Anvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vajihe","family":"Chavoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nabovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib1","series-title":"Urgent Action Needed as Global Diabetes Cases Increase Four-fold over past Decades","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib2","unstructured":"Federation(IDF) ID. Diabetes around the world in 2024 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib3","series-title":"Progress Report on Addressing Diabetes as A Public Health Challenge in the Eastern Mediterranean Region","author":"Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S440282","article-title":"A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes in Eastern Mediterranean Region Countries","author":"Arshad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.04.008","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications in a population-based sample in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","volume":"78","author":"Saadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib6","article-title":"Type II diabetes mellitus in Arabic-speaking countries","volume":"2012","author":"Badran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib7","article-title":"A theory of planned behavior-enhanced intervention to promote health literacy and self-care behaviors of type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"61","author":"Zeidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-017-1014-1","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study","volume":"63","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Public. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903471940","article-title":"Prevalence of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia","volume":"26","author":"Halawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the prevalence, burden, and trend of diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Owolabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4809-3","article-title":"Implementing a national diabetes prevention programme in England: lessons learned","volume":"19","author":"Stokes","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.08.013","article-title":"Self-care in Iranian patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Dehvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prim. care Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8404328","article-title":"Effects of face-to-face and telephone-based family-oriented education on self-care behavior and patient outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2017","author":"Hemmati Maslakpak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/47608","article-title":"The use of mHealth apps for the assessment and management of diabetes-related foot health outcomes: systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Sadler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209654","article-title":"Q-u-a. Capacity and willingness to use information technology for managing chronic diseases among patients: A cross-sectional study in Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"14","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS. One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-2671(11)54011-0","article-title":"The effectiveness of web-based tools for improving blood glucose control in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Angeles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.018","article-title":"2017 Roadmap for innovation\u2014ACC health policy statement on healthcare transformation in the era of digital health, big data, and precision health: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Health Policy Statements and Systems of Care","volume":"70","author":"Bhavnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2019.0263","article-title":"E-health interventions for community-dwelling type 2 diabetes: a scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3161","article-title":"Digital health and management of chronic disease: a multimodal technologies typology","volume":"36","author":"Vansimaeys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Plan. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/46439","article-title":"Benefits and harms of digital health interventions promoting physical activity in people with chronic conditions: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Zangger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.04.026","article-title":"Interactive behavior change technology: a partial solution to the competing demands of primary care","volume":"27","author":"Glasgow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3951","article-title":"Impact of mHealth chronic disease management on treatment adherence and patient outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Hamine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa282","article-title":"Effects of technology-supported exercise programs on the knee pain, physical function, and quality of life of individuals with knee osteoarthritis and\/or chronic knee pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X18791419","article-title":"The effect of education through mobile phone short message service on promoting self-care in pre-diabetic pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Abbaspoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/29663","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Mobile Phone Messaging-Based Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Alsahli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5114\/fmpcr.2022.120861","article-title":"Effect of telemedicine on glycated haemoglobin in people with type 2 diabetes in the MENA region: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Almaqhawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Prim. Care Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9190","article-title":"Role of social media in diabetes management in the middle east region: systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Alanzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0115733998295755240416060913","article-title":"Technology for the management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia and MENA region: a systematic review","author":"Al Hayek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib29","series-title":"Addressing diabetes as a public health challenge in the Eastern Mediterranean Region","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"339","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0649-4","article-title":"Information technology-based interventions to improve drug-drug interaction outcomes: a systematic review on features and effects","volume":"41","author":"Nabovati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzg081","article-title":"Defining and classifying clinical indicators for quality improvement","volume":"15","author":"Mainz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions","volume":"6","author":"Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npv042","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and psychological functioning in patients with primary malignant brain tumors: a systematic review of clinical, demographic and mental health factors","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-018-0608-3","article-title":"Effect of telemedicine messages integrated with peer group support on glycemic control in type 2 diabetics, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"38","author":"Sani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib37","first-page":"46","article-title":"A hybrid model of in-person and telemedicine diabetes education and care for management of patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings and implications from a multicenter prospective study","volume":"5","author":"Tourkmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telemed. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X20985763","article-title":"The impact of telemedicine on patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: Findings and implications","volume":"29","author":"Tourkmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518809872","article-title":"Management of postprandial hyperglycaemia and weight gain in women with gestational diabetes mellitus using a novel telemonitoring system","volume":"47","author":"Al-Ofi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0166","article-title":"Effect of flash glucose monitoring technology on glycemic control and treatment satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Yaron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/10784535231211693","article-title":"The Effect of a Diabetes Self-Management Mobile Application on Self-Efficacy, Self-care agency, and self-care management among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Masadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Creat. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-01787-2","article-title":"Effect of digital based nursing intervention on knowledge of self-care behaviors and self-efficacy of adult clients with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Shaban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bmc Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6286574","article-title":"The impact of telemonitoring on improving glycemic and metabolic control in previously lost-to-follow-up patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a single-center interventional study in the United Arab emirates","volume":"2022","author":"Farooqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib44","first-page":"1209","article-title":"SMS education for the promotion of diabetes self-management in low & middle income countries: a randomized controlled trial in Egypt","volume":"245","author":"Abaza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7924.2010.00146.x","article-title":"Effect of telephone follow-up on adherence to a diabetes therapeutic regimen","volume":"7","author":"Nesari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J. Nurs. Sci."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2012.04200.x","article-title":"The impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who need insulin: a randomised clinical control trial","volume":"22","author":"Moattari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-023-01291-5","article-title":"The efficacy of theory driven treatment adherence promotion program among type 2 diabetic patients: application of intervention mapping and mHealth","volume":"22","author":"Mirzaei-Alavijeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091759","article-title":"Effects of a 12-Month Hybrid (In-Person plus Virtual) Education Program in the Glycemic Status of Arab Youth","volume":"14","author":"Al-Daghri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01032-4","article-title":"A randomized trial of comparing video telecare education vs. in-person education on dietary regimen compliance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a support for clinical telehealth Providers","volume":"22","author":"Molavynejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2020.09.015","article-title":"The effects of telephone-based telenursing on glycated hemoglobin among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Esmaeilpour-BandBoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jnp-J. Nurse Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.01.051","article-title":"The effect of short message service (SMS) on knowledge and preventive behaviors of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with diabetes type 2","volume":"13","author":"Moradi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/HCM.0000000000000172","article-title":"Effects of self-management education through telephone follow-up in diabetic patients","volume":"36","author":"Namjoo Nasab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Care Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2015.1122118","article-title":"Self-care management intervention to improve psychological wellbeing for jordanian patients with type two diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Albikawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues Ment. Health Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib54","article-title":"Distance education and diabetes empowerment: a single-blind randomized control trial","volume":"11","author":"Zamanzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-11-10","article-title":"Impact of distance education via mobile phone text messaging on knowledge, attitude, practice and self efficacy of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran","volume":"11","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib56","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of pharmacist-led patient education on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Farsaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.31351\/vol33iss1pp54-62","article-title":"The impact of clinical pharmacist tele-follow-up on diabetic patient\u2019s readmission due to reinfection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Iraqi patients","volume":"33","author":"Salman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.8146","article-title":"Using mobile health to enhance outcomes of noncommunicable diseases care in rural settings and refugee camps: randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jmir Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.55489\/njcm.150920244442","article-title":"Effectiveness of digital health interventions in managing glycated haemoglobin: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Al-Eqabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl. J. Community Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2018-000605","article-title":"MOVEdiabetes': a cluster randomized controlled trial to increase physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes in primary health in Oman","volume":"6","author":"Alghafri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bmj Open. Diabetes Res. Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2015.11.001","article-title":"Effectiveness of short message service-based intervention (SMS) on self-care in type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study","volume":"10","author":"Peimani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01598-1","article-title":"Comparative effect of physical health training and psychological training of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model on the life quality of patients with diabetes in Tehran, Iran: utilization of message texting","volume":"24","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib63","article-title":"Effects of face-to-face and telephone-based family-oriented education on self-care behavior and patient outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2017","author":"Maslakpak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1068018","article-title":"Impact of telemedicine on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus during the COVID-19 lockdown period","volume":"14","author":"Al-Mutairi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib65","first-page":"221","article-title":"KADIS\u03c1-based diabetes management in United Arab Emirates","volume":"25","author":"Salzsieder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emir. Med. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib66","article-title":"The effect of diabetes training through social networks on metabolic control of individuals with type 2 diabetes; a randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Kargarshuroki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108682","article-title":"The impact of a prolonged lockdown and use of telemedicine on glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia","volume":"173","author":"Alharthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2022.06.002","article-title":"The impact of a prolonged lockdown and utilization of diabetes telemedicine on cardiometabolic health in people with diabetes during the COVID-19 outbreak in Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Al-Sofiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2074560","article-title":"The effect of a patient activation tailored intervention on type 2 diabetes self-management and clinical outcomes: a study from saudi arabian primary care settings","volume":"2023","author":"Almutairi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib70","first-page":"166","article-title":"Mobile phone intervention to improve diabetes care in rural areas of Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Shahid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-018-0593-0","article-title":"Efficacy of a telephone-based intervention among patients with type-2 diabetes; a randomized controlled trial in pharmacy practice","volume":"40","author":"Sarayani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1507726","article-title":"Effect of social media-based education on self-care status, health literacy, and glycated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Safdari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000544061","article-title":"The impact of telehealth on glycemic control in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study","author":"Aman Allah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi J. Health Syst. Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12222257","article-title":"Short-term impact of digital mental health interventions on psychological well-being and blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes patients in Riyadh","volume":"12","author":"Alodhialah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20486-w","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of SMS-based education and face-to-face teaching on self-care behavior of type 2 diabetic patients in Khorramabad city","volume":"24","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70596","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of healthy lifestyle education through peer groups and mhealth application on the self-efficacy of patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Fatahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib77","first-page":"1449","article-title":"The effect of SMS reminder system training and cyberspace on adherence to medication regimen in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer in Golestan province in 2019","volume":"14","author":"Maleki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-00953-4","article-title":"The effect of telenursing training based on family-centered empowerment pattern on compliance with diet regimen in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Shahabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib79","article-title":"Effectiveness of patients' education and telenursing follow-ups on self-care practices of patients with diabetes mellitus: cross-sectional and quasi-experimental study","volume":"8","author":"Alsahli","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Nurs."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib80","first-page":"210","article-title":"The effects of virtual directed painting therapy on anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy of children with type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Zamanifard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Based Nurs. Midwifery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X221102257","article-title":"Telephone calls and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12511","article-title":"Effectiveness of internet and phone-based interventions on diabetes management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Evid. Based Nurs."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33629","article-title":"Mobile health intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Gerber","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib84","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of telemedicine strategies on type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib85","series-title":"The Use of Personalized Phone Call Reminders to Reduce No-Shows Among Adults with Chronic Illnesses Living in a Medically Underserved Community","author":"Anikwe","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2018.03.012","article-title":"Aging barriers influencing mobile health usability for older adults: a literature based framework (MOLD-US)","volume":"114","author":"Wildenbos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib87","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Physical activity promotion through digital technology among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Agnes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.33545\/26648822.2023.v5.i1a.10","article-title":"Digital health interventions for diabetes self-management: Harnessing technology for improved outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Shafeeq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.02.022","article-title":"Mobile phone text messaging in improving glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Haider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.09.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of short message service intervention to improve glycated hemoglobin control and medication adherence in type-2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"14","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15227","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of digitally assisted interventions for glycated haemoglobin levels among patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and component network Meta-Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Romadlon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/12297","article-title":"The efficacy of mobile phone apps for lifestyle modification in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.02.019","article-title":"Utility of mobile technology in medical interpretation: a literature review of current practices","volume":"104","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.007031","article-title":"Use of mobile health applications in low-income populations: a prospective study of facilitators and barriers","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation Cardiovascular Quality Outcomes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib95","first-page":"3032","article-title":"Mobile applications for medication adherence among diabetes patients: a narrative review of current evidence and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Ghozali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ranah Research Journal Multidisciplinary Research Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31893\/multirev.2024040","article-title":"Factors influencing patients' adoption and use of mobile health applications for diabetes self-management: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Faraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09879-6","article-title":"The effectiveness of mobile application for monitoring diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the adult and elderly population: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"de Souza Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166718","article-title":"T2DM Self-Management via Smartphone Applications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib99","first-page":"550","article-title":"Effectiveness of mobile applications on medication adherence in adults with chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/33264","article-title":"Smartphone apps for diabetes medication adherence: systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028020950726","article-title":"Impact of telehealth interventions on medication adherence for patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and\/or dyslipidemia: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Bingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12289","article-title":"The use of technology to promote physical activity in Type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Connelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0800","article-title":"Optimal dose and type of physical activity to improve glycemic control in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Gallardo-G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03408-w","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of an app-based intervention on physical activity and glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2022.100578","article-title":"Social media-based interventions for adolescent and young adult mental health: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Kruzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Interv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11010030","article-title":"Digital interventions for psychological comorbidities in chronic diseases\u2014a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Maisto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib107","article-title":"The impact of blinding on trial results: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Pitre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Evid. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib108","first-page":"211","article-title":"Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods","author":"A","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2021.106370","article-title":"Digital interventions self-management education for type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Nkhoma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Prog. Biomed."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01238-0","article-title":"Clinical and patient-centered implementation outcomes of mHealth interventions for type 2 diabetes in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Mokaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib111","series-title":"Digital health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/24387","article-title":"Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Borghouts","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."}],"container-title":["Primary Care Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751991826001221?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751991826001221?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:14:37Z","timestamp":1788797677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1751991826001221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1751991826001221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-9918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-9918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Digital health interventions for diabetes management in the eastern mediterranean region: A systematic review of types and effectiveness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Primary Care Diabetes","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2026.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}