{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:54:22Z","timestamp":1791381262381,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,28]],"date-time":"2008-11-28T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1227866563000},"page":"1259-1268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Learning Disabilities: Definitions, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Intervention Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Lieven","family":"Lagae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2002_6","article-title":"What framework should we use for understanding developmental disorders?","volume":"20","author":"Frith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2007.02.013","article-title":"Management of dyslexia, its rationale, and underlying neurobiology","volume":"54","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380507","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"338","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190100601","article-title":"Developmental dyscalculia","volume":"19","author":"Shalev","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16106-0","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"363","author":"D\u00e9monet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870070012","article-title":"The specific disorder or arithmetic skills: prevalence studies in a rural and an urban population sample and their clinic-neuropsychological validation","volume":"9","author":"Hein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00862.x","article-title":"Number sense growth in kindergarten: a longitudinal investigation of children at risk for mathematics difficulties","volume":"77","author":"Jordan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00317","article-title":"Early reading development in children at family risk for dyslexia","volume":"72","author":"Pennington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402003","article-title":"Family risk of dyslexia is continuous: individual differences in the precursors of reading skill","volume":"74","author":"Snowling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.05.001","article-title":"Rules for the classification of younger children with nonverbal learning disabilities and basic phonological processing disabilities","volume":"20","author":"Drummond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076","article-title":"Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults","volume":"126","author":"Ramus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2008-1674","article-title":"Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia","volume":"68","author":"Heim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.214","article-title":"A systematic procedure for identifying and classifying children with dyscalculia among primary school children in India","volume":"8","author":"Ramaa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00005-X","article-title":"The impact of orthographic consistency on dyslexia: a German-English comparison","volume":"63","author":"Landerl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.08.038","article-title":"Dyscalculia","volume":"17","author":"Cohen Kadosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400105","article-title":"Developmental dyscalculia is a familial learning disability","volume":"34","author":"Shalev","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00988.x","article-title":"From learning to read to reading to learn: substantial and stable genetic influence","volume":"78","author":"Harlaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01748..x","article-title":"Overlap and specificity of genetic and environmental influences on mathematics and reading disability in 10-year-old twins","volume":"48","author":"Kovas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2008.03.003","article-title":"The human lexinome: genes of language and reading","volume":"41","author":"Gibson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Commun Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00221-1","article-title":"The genetic basis of dyslexia","volume":"1","author":"Franckx","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.02.024","article-title":"Linkage to chromosome 1p36 for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder traits in school and home settings","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400104","article-title":"Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: immediate and long-term outcomes from two instructional approaches","volume":"34","author":"Torgesen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219407313587","article-title":"Indexing response to intervention. a longitudinal study of reading risk from kindergarten through third grade","volume":"41","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00258-7","article-title":"Developmental dyscalculia","volume":"24","author":"Shalev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135645","article-title":"Development of neural systems for reading","volume":"30","author":"Schlaggar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.12.019","article-title":"Development of left occipitotemporal systems for skilled reading in children after a phonologically based intervention","volume":"55","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh579","article-title":"Brain abnormalities underlying altered activation in dyslexia: a voxel based morphometry study","volume":"128","author":"Silani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.05.004","article-title":"The neural code for written words: a proposal","volume":"9","author":"Dehaene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2006.11.003","article-title":"Two types of phonological dyslexia: a contemporary review","volume":"44","author":"Tree","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib30","first-page":"415","article-title":"The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias","volume":"9","author":"Wolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Educ Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.186","article-title":"The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22960.x","article-title":"Evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia","volume":"682","author":"Galaburda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648179","article-title":"Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks","volume":"46","author":"Fawcett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)02040-5","article-title":"Atypical trajectories of number development: a neuroconstructivist perspective","volume":"12","author":"Ansari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.11.022","article-title":"A magnitude code common to numerosities and number symbols in human intraparietal cortex","volume":"53","author":"Piazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00374.x","article-title":"The development of arithmetical abilities","volume":"46","author":"Butterworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060011","article-title":"Distinct cerebral pathways for object identity and number in human infants","volume":"6","author":"Izard","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194070400050301","article-title":"Language delays, reading delays, and learning difficulties: interactive elements requiring multidimensional programming","volume":"40","author":"Hay","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000216","article-title":"Developmental dyscalculia: a prospective six-year follow-up","volume":"47","author":"Shalev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-2-1","article-title":"Principles underlying of The Number Race, an adaptive computer game for remediation of dyscalculia","volume":"2","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0030098100","article-title":"Neural deficits in children with dyslexia ameliorated by behavioral remediation: evidence from functional MRI","volume":"100","author":"Temple","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-008-0014-5","article-title":"Differentiating the neutral response to intervention in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Odegard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib43","first-page":"295","article-title":"Neural correlates of rapid auditory processing are disrupted in children with developmental dyslexia and ameliorated with training: an fMRI study","volume":"25","author":"Gaab","year":"2007","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.5.1217","article-title":"American association for pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (AAPOS). Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision: a subject review","volume":"102","author":"Committee on Children With disabilities, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO)","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib45","first-page":"843","article-title":"Learning disorders, dyslexia, and vision","volume":"36","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02034.x","article-title":"Children with developmental language delay at 24 months of age: results of a diagnostic work-up","volume":"50","author":"Buschmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singer E. Coping with academic failure, a study of Dutch children with dyslexia. Dyslexia, 2007;[epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.352"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408317546","article-title":"Is there an increased familial prevalence of psychopathology in children with nonverbal learning disorders?","volume":"41","author":"Antshel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0207-135","article-title":"A cure for dyslexia?","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395508001661?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395508001661?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]],"date-time":"2024-03-03T19:09:18Z","timestamp":1709492958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031395508001661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031395508001661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2008.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}}}