{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:14:27Z","timestamp":1767845667684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,19]],"date-time":"2009-11-19T18:31:25Z","timestamp":1258655485000},"page":"1069-1083","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Nutrient Deficiencies in the Premature Infant"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Malika D.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilpa R.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.6.997","article-title":"The role of nutrition in the development of normal cognition","volume":"63","author":"Kretchmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8850","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91224-A","article-title":"Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life","volume":"341","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067187","article-title":"Glucose regulation in young adults with very low birth weight","volume":"356","author":"Hovi","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7240","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7240.967","article-title":"Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study","volume":"320","author":"Ong","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2012","article-title":"Infant and childhood growth patterns, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure in prematurely born young adults","volume":"122","author":"Rotteveel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118500.23649.DF","article-title":"Is slower early growth beneficial for long-term cardiovascular health?","volume":"109","author":"Singhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9254","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04004-6","article-title":"Early nutrition in preterm infants and later blood pressure: two cohorts after randomised trials","volume":"357","author":"Singhal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F428","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2001.004044","article-title":"Postnatal growth retardation: a universal problem in preterm infants","volume":"89","author":"Cooke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.2.280","article-title":"Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants","volume":"104","author":"Ehrenkranz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02530.x","article-title":"Extrauterine growth restriction in preterm infants of gestational age","volume":"50","author":"Sakurai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib11","first-page":"329","article-title":"Body composition of the reference fetus","volume":"40","author":"Ziegler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Growth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.10.008","article-title":"Energy requirements","volume":"12","author":"Hulzebos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.2.270","article-title":"Postnatal malnutrition and growth retardation: an inevitable consequence of current recommendations in preterm infants?","volume":"107","author":"Embleton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.27.6.397","article-title":"The relationship between feeding and necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants","volume":"27","author":"Schurr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650030211","article-title":"Sequential bone mineral content in small preterm infants with and without fractures and rickets","volume":"3","author":"Koo","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80617-6","article-title":"Mineral balance studies in very low birth weight infants fed human milk","volume":"113","author":"Schanler","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80541-9","article-title":"Bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in human milk fortifiers and formula for very low birth weight infants","volume":"113","author":"Schanler","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S604","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.604S","article-title":"In utero physiology: role in nutrient delivery and fetal development for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D","volume":"85","author":"Abrams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.e57","article-title":"Correlates of lactation in mothers of very low birth weight infants","volume":"109","author":"Furman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1595","article-title":"Bone mineralization and growth are enhanced in preterm infants fed an isocaloric, nutrient-enriched preterm formula through term","volume":"80","author":"Lapillonne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib21","unstructured":"Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/childgrowth\/mgrs\/en\/. Accessed April 16, 2009."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(96)01793-8","article-title":"Growth in weight, recumbent length, and\u00a0head circumference for preterm low-birthweight infants during the first three\u00a0years of life using gestation-adjusted ages","volume":"47","author":"Guo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-3-13","article-title":"A new growth chart for preterm babies: Babson and Benda's chart updated with recent data and a new format","volume":"3","author":"Fenton","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004696.pub3","article-title":"Nutrient-enriched formula versus standard term formula for preterm infants following hospital discharge","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81754-8","article-title":"Growth and bone mineral status of discharged very low birth weight infants fed different formulas or human milk","volume":"123","author":"Chan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"Spec No 5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.5_Spec_No.573","article-title":"Increased bone mineral content of preterm infants fed with a nutrient enriched formula after discharge from hospital","volume":"68","author":"Bishop","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.3.324","article-title":"Randomised trial of nutrition for preterm infants after discharge","volume":"67","author":"Lucas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.6.691","article-title":"Postdischarge formula consumption in infants born preterm","volume":"67","author":"Lucas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199803000-00008","article-title":"Feeding preterm infants after hospital discharge: effect of dietary manipulation on nutrient intake and growth","volume":"43","author":"Cooke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.6.1357","article-title":"Posthospital discharge feeding for preterm infants: effects of standard compared with enriched milk formula on growth, bone mass, and body composition","volume":"84","author":"Koo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01747.x","article-title":"Growth and body composition of preterm infants: influence of nutrient fortification of mother's milk in hospital and breastfeeding post-hospital discharge","volume":"87","author":"Wauben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0054","article-title":"Growth and nutrient intakes of human milk-fed preterm infants provided with extra energy and nutrients after hospital discharge","volume":"121","author":"O'Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199206000-00009","article-title":"Bone mineralization outcomes in human milk-fed preterm infants","volume":"31","author":"Schanler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00441856","article-title":"Iron status in low birth weight infants on breast and formula feeding","volume":"145","author":"Iwai","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0218-9","article-title":"Zinc-deficiency dermatitis in breast-fed infants","volume":"166","author":"Kienast","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"449","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/08035320510043583","article-title":"Post-discharge nutrition for the preterm infant","volume":"94","author":"Schanler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.4.683","article-title":"Growth of preterm infants fed nutrient-enriched or term formula after hospital discharge","volume":"107","author":"Carver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2006.05.014","article-title":"Calcium nutrition and metabolism during infancy","volume":"22","author":"Bass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib39","series-title":"European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN). Nutrition and feeding of preterm infants","author":"Committee on Nutrition of the Preterm Infant","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1982.tb02282.x","article-title":"Osteopenia and rickets in the extremely low birth weight infant: a survey of the incidence and a radiological classification","volume":"26","author":"Masel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00395.x","article-title":"Bone isoenzyme of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum inorganic phosphate in metabolic bone disease of prematurity","volume":"89","author":"Backstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib42","first-page":"13","article-title":"Neonatal rickets: metabolic bone disease of prematurity","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.09.013","article-title":"Iron therapy for preterm infants","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07335.x","article-title":"Plasma ferritin concentrations in preterm infants in cord blood and during the early anaemia of prematurity","volume":"69","author":"Haga","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1956.tb06925.x","article-title":"Erythrocyte production and iron stores in premature infants during the first months of life: the anemia of prematurity-etiology, pathogenesis, iron requirement","volume":"45","author":"Halvorsen","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)80881-0","article-title":"At what age does iron supplementation become necessary in low-birth-weight infants?","volume":"91","author":"Lundstrom","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000242009","article-title":"Iron status of the preterm infant during the first year of life","volume":"45","author":"Halliday","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.10.007","article-title":"Iron in fetal and neonatal nutrition","volume":"12","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.4.700","article-title":"Prospective randomized trial of early versus late enteral iron supplementation in infants with a birth weight of less than 1301 grams","volume":"106","author":"Franz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(64)80340-1","article-title":"Iron metabolism in premature infants: prevention of iron deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Gorten","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.26.3.368","article-title":"Iron deficiency in the premature infant: significance, and prevention by the intramuscular administration of iron-dextran","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"1960","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2007.00931.x","article-title":"Serum transferrin receptor, ferritin, and reticulocyte maturity indices during the first year of life in \u2018large\u2019 preterm infants","volume":"79","author":"Schiza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2006.08.004","article-title":"Iron deficiency and brain development","volume":"13","author":"Lozoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trindade CE. [Minerals in the nutrition of extremely low birth weight infants]. J\u00a0Pediatr (Rio J) Mar;81(Suppl 1):S43\u2013S51[in Portuguese].","DOI":"10.2223\/1299"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(05)70009-9","article-title":"Trace elements of the micropremie","volume":"27","author":"Aggett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199307000-00015","article-title":"Zinc supplementation in very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"17","author":"Friel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib57","series-title":"Nutritional needs of the preterm infant","first-page":"195","article-title":"Microminerals","author":"Riefen","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.2.238","article-title":"Absorption, transport, and hepatic metabolism of copper and zinc: special reference to metallothionein and ceruloplasmin","volume":"65","author":"Cousins","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000241703","article-title":"Serum copper and zinc levels in the preterm infant: a longitudinal study of the first year of life","volume":"44","author":"McMaster","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199208000-00012","article-title":"Copper status of very low birth weight infants during the first 12 months of infancy","volume":"32","author":"L'Abb\u00e9","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80273-3","article-title":"Serum copper concentrations in sick and well preterm infants","volume":"97","author":"Manser","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.61.11.1068","article-title":"Dietary copper intake in artificially fed infants","volume":"61","author":"Salim","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib63","series-title":"Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.6.1170","article-title":"Zinc and copper binding proteins in human milk","volume":"36","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.1046S","article-title":"Copper nutrition during infancy and childhood","volume":"67","author":"L\u00f6nnerdal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.87.3.339","article-title":"Selenium in pediatric nutrition","volume":"87","author":"Litov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82058-X","article-title":"Selenium status of preterm infants fed human milk, preterm formula, or selenium-supplemented preterm formula","volume":"119","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000176279","article-title":"Selenium in premature infants","volume":"24","author":"Amin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(00)90010-6","article-title":"The effect of selenium supplementation on outcome in very low birth weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. The New Zealand Neonatal Study Group","volume":"136","author":"Darlow","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003312","article-title":"Selenium supplementation to prevent short-term morbidity in preterm neonates","author":"Darlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib71","first-page":"S1490","article-title":"Nutrient requirements for preterm-infant formulas: 10. Minerals: calcium and phosphorus","volume":"132","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80030-X","article-title":"Increased risk of primary hypothyroidism in preterm infants","volume":"105","author":"Delange","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib73","series-title":"Pediatric Nutrition Handbook","first-page":"76","article-title":"Nutritional Needs of Preterm Infant","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7409.254","article-title":"Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomized trial in southern India","volume":"327","author":"Rahmathallah","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F103","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.057547","article-title":"Vitamin A and preterm infants: what we know, what we don't know, and what we need to know","volume":"90","author":"Mactier H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000501.pub2","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short and long-term morbidity in very low birthweight infants","author":"Darlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197504242921704","article-title":"Role of dietary iron and fat on vitamin E deficiency anemia of infancy","volume":"292","author":"Williams","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81247-8","article-title":"Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development","volume":"120","author":"Martinez","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm","volume":"288","author":"Bhutta","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.6.1153","article-title":"A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of language processing and its cognitive correlates in prematurely born children","volume":"110","author":"Peterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1150-L","article-title":"Prevalence, stability, and predictors of clinically significant behavior problems in low birth weight children at 3, 5, and 8 years of age","volume":"114","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162299000201","article-title":"Cognitive status, language attainment, and prereading skills of 6-year-old very preterm children and their peers: the Bavarian Longitudinal Study","volume":"41","author":"Wolke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.2.189","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants","volume":"60","author":"Makrides","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib84","first-page":"2365","article-title":"Retinal development of very low birthweight infants fed diets differing in n\u20133 fatty acids","volume":"33","author":"Birch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib85","first-page":"3242","article-title":"Dietary essential fatty acid supply and visual acuity development","volume":"33","author":"Birch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.1.35","article-title":"Visual-acuity development in healthy preterm infants: effect of marine-oil supplementation","volume":"58","author":"Carlson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.5.687","article-title":"Effect of long-chain n\u20133 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"63","author":"Carlson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.359","article-title":"Growth and development in preterm infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"O'Connor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.11.030","article-title":"Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid","volume":"146","author":"Clandinin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib90","first-page":"708","article-title":"The effect of supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid on visual acuity and neurodevelopment in larger preterm infants","volume":"28","author":"Fang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.110.1.73","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in formula fed to preterm infants","volume":"110","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.01.034","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation with fish oil and borage oil in preterm infants","volume":"144","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.945","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"301","author":"Makrides","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073895010002S04","article-title":"Carnitine in neonatal nutrition","volume":"10","author":"Borum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib95","first-page":"10","article-title":"Carnitine and cholestasis: nutritional dilemmas for the parenteral nourished newborn","volume":"25","author":"McDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Support Line"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-0005(99)80047-0","article-title":"Primary and secondary alteration of neonatal carnitine metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Scaglia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70562-7","article-title":"Effects of parenteral l-carnitine supplementation on fat metabolism and nutrition in premature neonates","volume":"126","author":"Bonner","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.5.889","article-title":"Effects of high carnitine supplementation on substrate utilization in low-birth-weight infants receiving total parenteral nutrition","volume":"52","author":"Sulkers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000950","article-title":"Carnitine supplementation of parenterally fed neonates","author":"Cairns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(81)90016-5","article-title":"Fatty acid utilization in perinatal de novo synthesis of tissues","volume":"5","author":"Clandinin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2000.0612","article-title":"Placental transport and metabolism of amino acids","volume":"22","author":"Battaglia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.02.012","article-title":"Change in iron transporter expression in human term placenta with different maternal iron status","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"449","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08035320510043619","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorous nutrition in preterm infants","volume":"94","author":"Demarini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000100805","article-title":"The assessment of newborn iron stores at birth: a review of the literature and standards for ferritin concentrations","volume":"92","author":"Siddappa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F46","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.85.1.F46","article-title":"Cord blood transferring receptors to assess fetal iron status","volume":"85","author":"Sweet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2003.08.004","article-title":"Selenium concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood at 24\u201342 weeks of gestation: basis for optimization of selenium supplementation to premature infants","volume":"23","author":"Makhoul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib107","first-page":"128","article-title":"Umbilical cord blood nutrients in low birth weight babies in relation to birth weight and gestation age","volume":"128","author":"Elizabeth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.02.006","article-title":"Glucose production in the human placenta","volume":"27","author":"Leonce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.01.005","article-title":"Essential fatty acid transfer and fetal development","volume":"26","author":"Innis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003139550900114X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003139550900114X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:20:27Z","timestamp":1685204427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003139550900114X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S003139550900114X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2009.08.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}