{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:59:31Z","timestamp":1791518371591,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014468","name":"Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014468","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Retrophin"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,16]],"date-time":"2018-11-16T21:39:17Z","timestamp":1542404357000},"page":"73-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Chia-shi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Greenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2310-x","article-title":"Treatment of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome: new guidelines from KDIGO","volume":"28","author":"Lombel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9384","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14184-0","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in childhood","volume":"362","author":"Eddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2304-8","article-title":"Treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children: new guidelines from KDIGO","volume":"28","author":"Lombel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13651215","article-title":"Defining glomerular disease in mechanistic terms: implementing an integrative biology approach in nephrology","volume":"11","author":"Mariani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04120417","article-title":"Whole exome sequencing of patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Warejko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2856-x","article-title":"Clinico-pathological correlations of congenital and infantile nephrotic syndrome over twenty years","volume":"29","author":"Kari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000600008","article-title":"Serological markers of viral, syphilitic and toxoplasmic infection in children and teenagers with nephrotic syndrome: case series from Mato Grosso State, Brazil","volume":"56","author":"Soares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1978.23","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome in children: prediction of histopathology from clinical and laboratory characteristics at time of diagnosis. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"13","year":"1978","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12702","article-title":"Twenty-eight-year review of childhood renal diseases from renal biopsy data: a single centre in China","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib10","article-title":"Genetic testing in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: why, who, when and how?","author":"Preston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3241-0","article-title":"The non-immunosuppressive management of childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"31","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.180","article-title":"The pathophysiology of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Siddall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib13","first-page":"325","article-title":"Urinary excretion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in health and the nephrotic syndrome","volume":"99","author":"Sato","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.209","article-title":"Primary nephrotic syndrome in children: clinical significance of histopathologic variants of minimal change and of diffuse mesangial hypercellularity. A Report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"20","year":"1981","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01710216","article-title":"All things complement","volume":"11","author":"Thurman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib16","series-title":"Pediatric nephrology","first-page":"839","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children: clinical aspects","author":"Niaudet","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2012.01650.x","article-title":"Occurrence of infection among children with nephrotic syndrome during hospitalizations","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.12.025","article-title":"Inpatient health care utilization in the United States among children, adolescents, and young adults with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Gipson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2607-4","article-title":"Increasing frequency of acute kidney injury amongst children hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Rheault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2525-5","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism in pediatric nephrotic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Kerlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr1209459","article-title":"Venous thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome","volume":"368","author":"Loscalzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80760-3","article-title":"The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"98","year":"1981","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.147","article-title":"Minimal change disease and idiopathic FSGS: manifestations of the same disease","volume":"12","author":"Maas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00723.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoids protect and enhance recovery of cultured murine podocytes via actin filament stabilization","volume":"68","author":"Ransom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1857","article-title":"The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A","volume":"14","author":"Faul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V85769","article-title":"Prognostic significance of the early course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome: report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"8","author":"Tarshish","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00788.x","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective cohort study of incident maintenance dialysis in children: an NAPRTC study","volume":"63","author":"Leonard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.115","article-title":"Childhood nephrotic syndrome--current and future therapies","volume":"8","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029583","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2029583","article-title":"Childhood nephrotic syndrome management and outcome: a single center retrospective analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316662720","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of children with membranous lupus nephritis: the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Legacy Registry","volume":"26","author":"Boneparth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3743-z","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcomes of childhood-onset membranous lupus nephritis","volume":"32","author":"Pereira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2717-z","article-title":"Membranous nephropathy: not just a disease for adults","volume":"30","author":"Ayalon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409354","article-title":"Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"371","author":"Tomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05310513","article-title":"HLA-DQA1 and PLA2R1 polymorphisms and risk of idiopathic membranous nephropathy","volume":"9","author":"Bullich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00857546","article-title":"Clinical course and outcome of idiopathic membranous nephropathy in Japanese children","volume":"7","author":"Tsukahara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0246-8","article-title":"Idiopathic membranous nephropathy in children","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04700513","article-title":"C3 glomerulopathy: clinicopathologic features and predictors of outcome","volume":"9","author":"Medjeral-Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2017.05.018","article-title":"Genetics of immune-mediated glomerular diseases: focus on complement","volume":"37","author":"Noris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib39","series-title":"Pediatric nephrology","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Membranoproliferative and C3-Mediated GN in Children","author":"Licht","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.03.040","article-title":"Glomerular diseases dependent on complement activation, including atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and C3 glomerulopathy: core curriculum 2015","volume":"66","author":"Noris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12382","article-title":"Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulonephritis: frequency, clinical features, and outcome in children","volume":"20","author":"Okuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12901211","article-title":"Eculizumab for dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis","volume":"7","author":"Bomback","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2017.03.024","article-title":"Kidney diseases associated with alternative complement pathway dysregulation and potential treatment options","volume":"354","author":"Sanghera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009121309","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlations in non-Finnish congenital nephrotic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Machuca","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3933","article-title":"Mutations in KEOPS-complex genes cause nephrotic syndrome with primary microcephaly","volume":"49","author":"Braun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396309666131209210310","article-title":"Thrombotic complications of neonates and children with congenital nephrotic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs288","article-title":"Idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: does it exist?","volume":"27","author":"Fervenza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1108178","article-title":"Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis\u2013a new look at an old entity","volume":"366","author":"Sethi","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395518301305?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395518301305?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1758475491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031395518301305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031395518301305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nephrotic Syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pediatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}