{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:24:29Z","timestamp":1793042669213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T12:20:54Z","timestamp":1738671654000},"page":"351-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Child Sexual Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Thanh T.","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie N.","family":"Kissoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib1","article-title":"U.S. Department of health & human services, administration for children and families, administration on children, youth and families, children\u2019s bureau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment 2022"},{"issue":"499","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1773-035X(18)30043-1","article-title":"Responding to children and adolescents who have been sexually abused, WHO clinical guidelines","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revue Francophone des Laboratoires"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000188","article-title":"Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: a meta-analytic review","volume":"145","author":"Assink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib5","author":"Finkelhor"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib6","first-page":"3","article-title":"How children tell: the process of disclosure in child sexual abuse","volume":"70","author":"Sorensen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib7","series-title":"Child abuse: medical diagnosis and management","first-page":"309","article-title":"Sexual abuse","author":"Laskey","year":"2019"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512445380","article-title":"Disclosure of child sexual abuse by adolescents: a qualitative in-depth study","volume":"27","author":"Sch\u00f6nbucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015584368","article-title":"Is anybody listening? The literature on the dialogical process of child sexual abuse disclosure reviewed","volume":"17","author":"Reitsema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"104360","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib10","article-title":"Factors that prevent, prompt, and delay disclosures in female victims of child sexual abuse","volume":"101","author":"Kellogg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105914","article-title":"Patterns of disclosure and perceived societal responses after child sexual abuse","volume":"134","author":"Landberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(93)90026-2","article-title":"\u201cNormal\u201d childhood sexual play and games: differentiating play from abuse","volume":"17","author":"Lamb","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015252903931","article-title":"Sexual experiences in childhood: young adults\u2019 recollections","volume":"31","author":"Larsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5245(03)00154-8","article-title":"Sexual behavior in children: normal or not?","volume":"18","author":"Hornor","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib15","series-title":"Sexual behavior problems. Encyclopedia of clinical Child and pediatric psychology","first-page":"589","author":"Silovsky","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2006.00482.x","article-title":"The changing focus of child maltreatment research and practice within psychology","volume":"62","author":"Chaffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Soc Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib17","series-title":"Children with sexual behavior problems","first-page":"37","author":"Creeden","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.4.e9","article-title":"Normative sexual behavior in children: a contemporary sample","volume":"101","author":"Friedrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib19","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Sexual behaviors in children: evaluation and management","volume":"82","author":"Kellogg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib20","series-title":"Handbook of child and adolescent sexuality","first-page":"497","article-title":"Chapter 20 - children with sexual behavior problems","author":"Silovsky","year":"2013"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00027-7","article-title":"Developmental and etiological characteristics of children with sexual behavior problems: treatment implications","volume":"23","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"RR-12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines","volume":"59","author":"Workowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1741","article-title":"The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected","volume":"132","author":"Jenny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2016-0113","article-title":"Child sexual abuse","volume":"38","author":"Chiesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00339-3","article-title":"Children referred for possible sexual abuse: medical findings in 2384 children","volume":"26","author":"Heger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3053","article-title":"Reports of repetitive penile-genital penetration often have No definitive evidence of penetration","volume":"124","author":"Anderst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.e67","article-title":"Genital anatomy in pregnant adolescents: \u201cnormal\u201d does not mean \u201cnothing happened.\u201d","volume":"113","author":"Kellogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0964","article-title":"Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study","volume":"119","author":"McCann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283","article-title":"Interpretation of medical findings in suspected child sexual abuse: an update for 2023","volume":"145","author":"Kellogg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.100","article-title":"Forensic evidence findings in prepubertal victims of sexual assault","volume":"106","author":"Christian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3037","article-title":"Collection of forensic evidence from pediatric victims of sexual assault","volume":"128","author":"Girardet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3498","article-title":"Forensic evidence collection and DNA identification in acute child sexual assault","volume":"128","author":"Thackeray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2947","article-title":"Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in suspected child victims of sexual assault","volume":"124","author":"Girardet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001014","article-title":"Genital and extragenital gonorrhea and Chlamydia in children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse","volume":"34","author":"Kellogg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(01)00136-X","article-title":"Appearance of the genitalia in girls selected for nonabuse: review of hymenal morphology and nonspecific findings","volume":"15","author":"Heger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90094-9","article-title":"Factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder among child victims of sexual abuse","volume":"18","author":"Wolfe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1098","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of gender-based violence in women and the relationship with mental disorders and psychosocial function","volume":"306","author":"Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01651.x","article-title":"Maternal support following disclosure of incest","volume":"59","author":"Everson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.10.001","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and subsequent relational and personal functioning: the role of parental support","volume":"38","author":"Godbout","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib40","author":"Peterson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib41","author":"Moon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib42","series-title":"Preventing intimate partner violence across the lifespan: a technical package of programs, policies, and practices","author":"Niolon","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.2.228","article-title":"Use of hymenal measurements in the diagnosis of previous penetration","volume":"109","author":"Berenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.3.280","article-title":"Differences in hymenal morphology between adolescent girls with and without a history of consensual sexual intercourse","volume":"158","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(89)90005-7","article-title":"Perianal findings in prepubertal children selected for nonabuse: a descriptive study","volume":"13","author":"McCann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0731-8","article-title":"The little tissue that couldn\u2019t \u2013 dispelling myths about the Hymen\u2019s role in determining sexual history and assault","volume":"16","author":"Mishori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib47","first-page":"1","article-title":"The frequency of false allegations of child sexual abuse: a critical review","volume":"27","author":"O\u2019Donohue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Sex Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1986.tb03487.x","article-title":"A\u00a0conceptual model for judging the truthfulness of a young child\u2019s allegation of sexual abuse","volume":"56","author":"de Young","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib49","first-page":"165","article-title":"Risk of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis by mode of delivery","volume":"29","author":"Bell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370240044034","article-title":"Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"255","author":"Schachter","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052884","article-title":"Probability of vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis estimated from national registry data","volume":"93","author":"Honkila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003_bib52","series-title":"Child sexual abuse. Report of the twenty second ross roundtable on critical approaches to pediatric problems","first-page":"14","article-title":"Controversies about the sexual and nonsexual transmission of adult STDs to children","author":"Ingram","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395524002074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395524002074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T20:18:28Z","timestamp":1746476308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031395524002074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031395524002074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Child Sexual Abuse","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pediatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2024.12.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}