{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:06:43Z","timestamp":1788966403678,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:41:19Z","timestamp":1785357679000},"page":"1091-1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Latin American Children of the US Immigration Crisis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Janine","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsha Rae","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Ignacio","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Lesley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Sanchez","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307570","article-title":"Health risks of unaccompanied immigrant children in federal custody and in US communities","volume":"114","author":"Young","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib2","unstructured":"UHNCR. The 1951 Refugee convention and 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees. UHNCR. Available at: https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/us\/about-unhcr\/overview\/1951-refugee-convention (Accessed 11 December 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib3","series-title":"Children in U.S. immigrant families","author":"Ruggles","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib4","unstructured":"Migration Data Portal, Child and young migrants, Migration Data Portal, 2024, Available at: https:\/\/www.migrationdataportal.org\/themes\/child-and-young-migrants#definition (Accessed 11 December 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib7","article-title":"Special immigrant juvenile status","year":"2025","journal-title":"USCIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib10","series-title":"A century later, restrictive 1924 U.S. immigration law has reverberations in immigration debate","author":"Chishti","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib11","series-title":"Undesirable aliens act of 1929","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib12","series-title":"1930: repatriation of Mexicans - ana minian","author":"Minian","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib13","article-title":"Dedicated to the health of all children","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib14","unstructured":"United States Government. 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 701 et Seq. (Subchapter V \u2013 Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant); Available at: https:\/\/www.uscod.house.gov\/view.xhtml?req=(title:42%20section:701%20edition:prelim (Accessed 11 June 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib15","series-title":"As school systems receive growing numbers of recently arrived immigrant students, better data are needed on characteristics of this group","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib16","author":"Sugarman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib18","series-title":"US deportation tracker: counting Arrests, deportations","author":"Wu","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12586","article-title":"Comparing mental health of US children of immigrants and non-immigrants in 4 racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22443","article-title":"Repercussions of a raid: health and education outcomes of children entangled in immigration enforcement","volume":"42","author":"Heinrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pol Anal Manag"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00206","article-title":"Restoring an inclusionary safety net for children in immigrant families: a review of three social policies","volume":"40","author":"Acevedo-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib22","author":"Gelatt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib23","series-title":"KFF analysis of 2023 american community survey (ACS) 1-yr estimates","author":"Pillai","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib24","unstructured":"Haley JM, Gonzalez D, Bernstein H, et al. Children of Immigrants in 2022\u201323: National and State Patterns; The Urban Institute, 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.urban.org\/research\/publication\/children-immigrants-2022-23 (Accessed 11 June 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib25","series-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection : updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management","year":"2018"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091905","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis in children outside the tropics: do we need to increase awareness?","volume":"9","author":"Venturini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib27","series-title":"Intestinal parasites (refugee health domestic guidance)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib28","article-title":"Recommendations for preventative pediatric health care (periodicity schedule)","volume":"142","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib30","article-title":"Domestic immigrant and refugee health guidance for health care professionals","year":"2024","journal-title":"CDC Immigrant and Refugee Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060416","article-title":"Exploitation, labor and sex trafficking of children and adolescents: health care needs of patients","volume":"151","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib34","article-title":"Health care coverage (Maps)","author":"Broder","year":"2025","journal-title":"National Immigration Law Center"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib35","article-title":"Committee on child health financing. Medicaid and the children\u2019s health insurance Program: optimization to promote equity in child and young adult health","volume":"152","author":"Kusma","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib36","first-page":"21","article-title":"Anemia in young children living in the Surinamese interior: the influence of age, nutritional status, and ethnicity","volume":"8","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib37","author":"Jamaica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib40","series-title":"Prevalence of anemia among children (% of children ages 6-59 months)","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib41","series-title":"Guatemala country health data overview","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib42","article-title":"2023 ENSANUT report findings on lead levels in Mexico","author":"Marie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pure Earth Pollution Blog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib43","article-title":"Refugee health domestic guidance","year":"2024","journal-title":"CDC Immigrant and Refugee Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib44","series-title":"CareRef clinical assessment tool","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31899","article-title":"Newborn screening in Latin America: a brief overview of the state of the art","volume":"187","author":"Borrajo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib46","article-title":"Prenatal Chagas disease screening in Latin America: the current policy landscape and potential utility of an expanded maternal-familial Trypanosoma cruzi testing framework","volume":"47","author":"Lynn","year":"2025","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib47","article-title":"Twenty years of neonatal screening for sickle cell disease in Brazil: the challenges of a Continental country with high genetic heterogeneity","volume":"9","author":"Pimentel dos Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inborn Errors Metab Screen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib48","article-title":"Newborn screening in developing countries: the need of the hour","volume":"5","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib49","series-title":"Laboratory Testing (Domestic Guidance)","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib50","article-title":"Prevalence of anemia in children from latin America and the Caribbean and effectiveness of nutritional interventions: systematic review and meta\u2013analysis","volume":"11","author":"V\u00e1zquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30278-3","article-title":"Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Ericson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib52","first-page":"521","article-title":"Lead poisoning associated with use of traditional ethnic remedies--California, 1991-1992","volume":"42","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1993","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib53","article-title":"Lead poisoning associated with imported candy and powdered food coloring - california and Michigan","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02470-x","article-title":"Inequities in the continuum of maternal care in Mexico: trends before and after COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Serv\u00e1n-Mori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080651","article-title":"Viral hepatitis in pregnant Mexican women: its impact in mother\u2013child binomial health and the strategies for its eradication","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-Romero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.04.009","article-title":"Lessons learned from integrating simultaneous triple point-of-care screening for syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV in prenatal services through rural outreach teams in Guatemala","volume":"130","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib58","series-title":"In Texas\u2019 Rio Grande Valley, a seemingly endless surge of immigrants","author":"Hennesy-Fiske","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib59","article-title":"Migrants dropped off at bus stations in Arizona","author":"Galvan","year":"2014","journal-title":"WTOP News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib60","series-title":"Southwest land border encounters","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib61","author":"Sanchez"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib66","series-title":"Health in the Americas+ country profile: mexico","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib67","author":"Block"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-00997-5","article-title":"Out of sight and uninsured: access to healthcare among US-Born minors in Mexico","volume":"22","author":"Wassink","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib69","article-title":"Health Care and Education Access of transnational children in Mexico","volume":"549","author":"Amuendo-Dorantes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2023.04.001","article-title":"The health of immigrant children on the border","volume":"24","author":"Ayoub-Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114126","article-title":"An ecological expansion of the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) framework to include threat and deprivation associated with U.S. immigration policies and enforcement practices: an examination of the latinx immigrant experience","volume":"282","author":"Barajas-Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00087","article-title":"Health insurance access among US citizen children in Mexico: national and transborder policy implications","volume":"40","author":"Borja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1428691","article-title":"The leading causes of death in the US and Mexico\u2019s pediatric population are related to violence: a note on secondary analyses of registered deaths from 2000 to 2022","volume":"12","author":"Castilla-Peon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib74","first-page":"123","article-title":"Well-being and contexts of development of U.S. citizen children in Mexico following parental deportation or voluntary relocation","volume":"94","author":"Zayas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001016","article-title":"Addressing health inequities for children in immigrant families: psychologists as leaders and links across systems","volume":"78","author":"Alegr\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib76","first-page":"142","article-title":"The paradox of immigrant children\u2019s rights","volume":"104","author":"Hlass","year":"2025","journal-title":"Texas Law Review Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib77","unstructured":"Moya E., Coronado I. and Mumme S., A call to action: reestablishment of the US-Mexico border Health Commission, Health Affairs Forefront, 2021, Available at: https:\/\/msmagazine.com\/2021\/08\/03\/united-state-mexico-border-health-commission\/ (Accessed 11 June 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib78","first-page":"533","article-title":"\u201cChildren\u2019s Equity Law\u201d in the Age of Parents\u2019 rights","volume":"71","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kansas Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib79","series-title":"Children\u2019s Health Insurance Program","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib80","series-title":"About the Affordable Care Act","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057034","article-title":"Insurance and health care outcomes in regions where undocumented children are Medicaid-eligible","volume":"150","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1701","article-title":"Children and US federal Policy on health and health care: seen but not heard","volume":"168","author":"Flores","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058316","article-title":"Language barriers to health care in the United States","volume":"355","author":"Flores","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2017.0116","article-title":"Access to health care among Mexican migrants and immigrants: a comparison across migration phases","volume":"28","author":"Martinez-Donate","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34629","article-title":"At the border: a call to action for health equity for children with leukemia","volume":"129","author":"Aristizabal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009_bib86","first-page":"133","article-title":"A multi-level approach to promoting the health rights of immigrant children in the United States","volume":"26","author":"Lindgren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health & Human Rights"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395526000787?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031395526000787?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:06:47Z","timestamp":1788962807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031395526000787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031395526000787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3955","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Latin American Children of the US Immigration Crisis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Pediatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2026.05.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}