{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:16:15Z","timestamp":1792095375793,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T11:50:00Z","timestamp":1593604200000},"page":"101904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Application of photodynamic therapy against periodontal bacteria in established gingivitis lesions in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Nazeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem","family":"Almoammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Abdullah","family":"Kamran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafi A","family":"Togoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.01.024","article-title":"Changes in oral health-related quality of life during fixed orthodontic appliance therapy","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjm050","article-title":"Periodontal conditions in subjects following orthodontic therapy. A preliminary study","volume":"29","author":"Gomes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017901814010614","article-title":"Orthodontic fixed appliance and periodontal status: an updated systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Cerroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-016-0158-5","article-title":"Factors affecting dental biofilm in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances","volume":"18","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0025","first-page":"87","article-title":"Dental plaque biofilm in oral health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12939","article-title":"Plaque\u2010induced gingivitis: case definition and diagnostic considerations","volume":"45","author":"Trombelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13127","article-title":"Efficacy of adjunctive anti\u2010plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: a systematic review and network meta\u2010analyses","volume":"46","author":"Figuero","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2019.1585967","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine and essential oils\u2019 adjunctive effects in subgingival ultrasonic instrumentation on periodontal parameters and halitosis","volume":"22","author":"Tumer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x","article-title":"Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingival inflammation and staining in gingivitis patients: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Van Strydonck","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12733","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"65","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.110558","article-title":"Effect of gingivitis on azithromycin concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"83","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12371","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a systematic review, Photodermatology","volume":"34","author":"Akram","year":"2018","journal-title":"photoimmunology & photomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.09.004","article-title":"Effect of photodynamic therapy and laser alone as adjunct to scaling and root planing on gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory proteins in periodontal disease: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12499","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy and laser irradiation as an adjunct to open flap debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis, Photodermatology","volume":"36","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"photoimmunology & photomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.05.007","article-title":"Efficacy of photodynamic therapy versus antibiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Akram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/jpp.328","article-title":"Basic principles of photodynamic therapy","volume":"5","author":"Macdonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.4076","article-title":"Bactericidal efficacy of photodynamic therapy against periodontal pathogens in periodontal disease: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0090","first-page":"229","article-title":"Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque","volume":"25","author":"Ainamo","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy\u2013mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations","volume":"106","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(05)00007-4","article-title":"Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one\u2014photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization","volume":"1","author":"Castano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2003.11.006","article-title":"Photosensitising agents\u2014circumventing resistance and breaking down biofilms: a review","volume":"53","author":"Wainwright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12026","article-title":"Antimicrobial strategies centered around reactive oxygen species\u2013bactericidal antibiotics, photodynamic therapy, and beyond","volume":"37","author":"Vatansever","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00795.x","article-title":"A systematic review of the effectiveness of self\u2010performed mechanical plaque removal in adults with gingivitis using a manual toothbrush","volume":"32","author":"Van der Weijden","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.15.e924","article-title":"Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus","volume":"15","author":"Lara-Carrillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12496","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters and release of collagen degradation biomarkers in naswar dippers","volume":"53","author":"Daood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodont. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0209","article-title":"Levels of advanced glycation end products in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic periodontitis patients with and without type\u20102 diabetes mellitus","volume":"91","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904_bib0135","series-title":"Committee on the Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age for Purchasing Tobacco Products","author":"Bonnie","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100020302581?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100020302581?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:33:57Z","timestamp":1761611637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1572100020302581"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S1572100020302581"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-1000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-1000","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Application of photodynamic therapy against periodontal bacteria in established gingivitis lesions in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.101904","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101904"}}