{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T02:11:11Z","timestamp":1778811071108,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:42:41Z","timestamp":1679629361000},"page":"103511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Efficacy of synthesized cubic spirulina platensis photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Sogol","family":"Saberi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayebeh","family":"Modiri-Delshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahroo","family":"Etemad-Moghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojgan","family":"Alaeddini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahele","family":"Jamshidloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ramazani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadiseh","family":"Mohammadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khoobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.90945","article-title":"Ultraviolet-based therapy for vitiligo: what's new?","volume":"78","author":"Hamzavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0002","first-page":"25","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment - an update review","volume":"5","author":"dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Metastasis Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394306-4.00010-1","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms for photodynamic therapy-induced cancer cell death","volume":"295","author":"Yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.21058","article-title":"Phycocyanin: a potential drug for cancer treatment","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2021.09.003","article-title":"Impact of spirulina supplementation on obesity-related metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Boh\u00f3rquez-Medina","year":"2021","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762705","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/762705","article-title":"Biological effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) biopolymers and biomass in the development of nanostructured scaffolds","volume":"2014","author":"Morais","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30891-9","article-title":"Anti-cancer effects of blue-green alga Spirulina platensis, a natural source of bilirubin-like tetrapyrrolic compounds","volume":"13","author":"Kon\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.116","article-title":"Anticancer effect of the water extract of a commercial Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) product on the human lung cancer A549 cell line","volume":"106","author":"Czerwonka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(02)00359-6","article-title":"Refined structure of C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus at 1.6 \u00c5: insights into the role of solvent molecules in thermal stability and co-factor structure","volume":"1556","author":"Adir","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Bioenerget."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0010","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of algae extracts on normal and malignant cells","volume":"2011","author":"Bechelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk Res. Treatm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203033487216","article-title":"C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects","volume":"4","author":"Romay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Prot. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030357","article-title":"Molecular cloning of cpcU and heterodimeric bilin lyase activity analysis of CpcU and CpcS for attachment of phycocyanobilin to Cys-82 on the \u03b2-subunit of phycocyanin in Arthrospira platensis FACHB314","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.57.3.725-749.1993","article-title":"The phycobilisome, a light-harvesting complex responsive to environmental conditions","volume":"57","author":"Grossman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0014","first-page":"7","article-title":"Extraction, partial purification, and antibacterial activity of phycocyanin from Spirulina isolated from fresh water body against various human pathogens","volume":"3","author":"Muthulakshmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Algal Biomass Utiliz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102688","article-title":"The effect of photodynamic therapy on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines using spirulina platensis with different laser energy densities","volume":"37","author":"Saberi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2014.03.005","article-title":"Characterization and responses to environmental cues of a photosynthetic antenna-deficient mutant of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120","volume":"171","author":"Legan\u00e9s","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0017","first-page":"21","article-title":"In vitro photodynamic effect of phycocyanin against breast cancer cells","author":"Bharathiraja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1042\/BA20060206","article-title":"Alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential by Spirulina platensis C-phycocyanin induces apoptosis in the doxorubicinresistant human hepatocellular-carcinoma cell line HepG2","volume":"47","author":"Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8162952","article-title":"Study of the effects of betaine and\/or C-phycocyanin on the growth of lung cancer A549 cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"2016","author":"Bingula","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11613","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801763105","article-title":"The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways","volume":"105","author":"Gratton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2013.01.009","article-title":"The interaction of silver nanoparticles with low symmetry cysteinyl metallophthalocyanines and their antimicrobial effect","volume":"255","author":"Masilela","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37447","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c10028","article-title":"Multifunctional gold helix phototheranostic biohybrid that enables targeted image-guided photothermal therapy in breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Hosseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13085","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c04877","article-title":"High-performance spirulina\u2013bismuth biohybrids for enhanced computed tomography imaging","volume":"8","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"160","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0024","first-page":"e60682","article-title":"Detection of total reactive oxygen species in adherent cells by 2\u2032,7\u2032-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10015","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10015","article-title":"Phycocyanin-specific absorption coefficient: eliminating the effect of chlorophylls absorption","volume":"13","author":"Yacobi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-015-1742-7","article-title":"Fluorescence Quenching property of c-phycocyanin from spirulina platensis and its binding efficacy with viable cell components","volume":"26","author":"Paswan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34564","article-title":"Phycocyanin inhibits tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cells: role of apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0028","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0029","first-page":"250","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041192","article-title":"Some natural photosensitizers and their medicinal properties for use in photodynamic therapy","volume":"27","author":"Kubrak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0031","series-title":"Earth Food Spirulina","author":"Henrikson","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3390\/md15030065","article-title":"The influence of Spirulina platensis filtrates on Caco-2 proliferative activity and expression of apoptosis-related microRNAs and mRNA","volume":"15","author":"\u015amieszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.3390\/md12094898","article-title":"Anticancer effects of different seaweeds on human colon and breast cancers","volume":"12","author":"Moussavou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/486120","article-title":"Effect of spirulina intervention on oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and lipid profile in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients","volume":"2015","author":"Ismail","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/prm2.12004","article-title":"Efficiency of self-assembled etoricoxib containing polyelectrolyte complex stabilized cubic nanoparticles against human cancer cells","volume":"9","author":"Malviya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201100442","article-title":"More effective nanomedicines through particle design","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0037","unstructured":"Konickova, R., Vankova, K., Jasprova, J., Hadrava Vanova, K., Muchova, L., Subhanova, I.M.Z., Zelenka, J., Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, A., Kolar, M., et\u00a0al. Anti-proliferative effects of Spirulina platensis and algal tetrapyrroles on experimental pancreatic cancer. 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3109\/02652048.2014.898709","article-title":"Cellular uptake of Nigella sativa oil-PLGA microparticle by PC-12 cell line","volume":"31","author":"Doolaanea","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201409693","article-title":"Stiffness-dependent in vitro uptake and lysosomal acidification of colloidal particles","volume":"54","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2014.913054","article-title":"Effect of size on biological properties of nanoparticles employed in gene delivery","volume":"44","author":"Prabha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.109353","article-title":"Role of particle shape on efficient and organ-based drug delivery","volume":"122","author":"Nejati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2016.10.011","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of Spirulina platensis extracts on human acute leukemia Kasumi-1 and chronic myelogenous leukemia K-562 cell lines","volume":"7","author":"Flores Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1784-x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of anti-cancer activity of phycocyanin in triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"15","author":"Ravi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.001","article-title":"Photosensitization of phycocyanin extracted from Microcystis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells: Implication of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.020","article-title":"Photodynamic effect and mechanism study of selenium-enriched phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis against liver tumours","volume":"180","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04851-4","article-title":"Which cell death modality wins the contest for photodynamic therapy of cancer?","volume":"13","author":"Mishchenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2015.00033","article-title":"Photosensitizing nanoparticles and the modulation of ROS generation","volume":"3","author":"Tada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Chem."}],"container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100023002399?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100023002399?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:56:02Z","timestamp":1761612962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1572100023002399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1572100023002399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-1000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-1000","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficacy of synthesized cubic spirulina platensis photosensitizer in anticancer photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103511","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103511"}}