{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:07:53Z","timestamp":1790881673935,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:16:33Z","timestamp":1766621793000},"page":"105331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhanced reactive oxygen species generation using photonic platforms containing polyethylene glycol hydrogel doped with a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03562-9","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging","volume":"97","author":"Jomova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1225578","article-title":"ROS: basic concepts, sources, cellular signaling, and its implications in aging pathways","volume":"2022","author":"de Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080793","article-title":"Short overview of ROS as cell function regulators and their implications in therapy concepts","volume":"8","author":"Milkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2001","article-title":"Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function","volume":"82","author":"Dr\u00f6ge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00456-z","article-title":"Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology","volume":"23","author":"Sies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03476-6","article-title":"ROS-induced lipid peroxidation modulates cell death outcome: mechanisms behind apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.54699","article-title":"Dual role of reactive oxygen species and their application in cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8867701","article-title":"Dual and opposite roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Chagas disease: beneficial on the pathogen and harmful on the host","volume":"2020","author":"Maldonado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0009","article-title":"Enhancing biosafety in photodynamic therapy: progress and perspectives","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1039\/D0QM00922A","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: photosensitizers and nanostructures","volume":"5","author":"Escudero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0011","first-page":"668","article-title":"Advances in photosensitizer-related design for photodynamic therapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0012","article-title":"Type I photosensitizers revitalizing photodynamic oncotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2020.102091","article-title":"Features of third generation photosensitizers used in anticancer photodynamic therapy","volume":"34","author":"Mfouo-Tynga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1115-2","article-title":"Laser light activation of a second-generation photosensitiser and its use as a potential photomodulatory agent in skin rejuvenation","volume":"28","author":"Van Kets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0015","first-page":"1647","article-title":"Graphene quantum dot\u2013porphyrin\/phthalocyanine multifunctional hybrid systems: from interfacial dialogue to application\u060c Biomater","volume":"10","author":"Sangam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.134163","article-title":"Two-photon NIR-responsive carbon dots incorporated into NMOFs for targeted photodynamic therapy","volume":"694","author":"Negi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091132","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for glioblastoma: potential application of TiO\u2082 and ZnO nanoparticles as photosensitizers","volume":"17","author":"Ortiz-Islas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0018","article-title":"Multifunctional porphyrin-based sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.022.202201795","article-title":"Photonic crystal\u2013enhanced photodynamic antibacterial therapy","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0020","first-page":"397","article-title":"Study on photodynamic therapy instruments based on photonic crystals","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laser Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5613","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13245613","article-title":"Substituent effect on porphyrin film-gas interaction by optical waveguide: spectrum analysis and molecular dynamic simulation","volume":"13","author":"Kari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-024-00611-9","article-title":"The effect of fluence rate and wavelength on the formation of protoporphyrin IX photoproducts","volume":"23","author":"Ogbonna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0023","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels for drug delivery in cancer therapy: a comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12250","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR02463H","article-title":"Porphyrin-based metal\u2013organic frameworks: protonation induced Q band absorption","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(99)00907-2","article-title":"Advances in modern synthetic porphyrin chemistry\u060c","volume":"56","author":"Shanmugathasan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4314\/ejst.v15i2.6","article-title":"Zinc, Tin and Silver Porphyrins (TPP, TCPP, TMPP, THPP, TPPS, TMPyP) as photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy for chronic wounds: a screening study","volume":"15","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52363-2","article-title":"Sensitivity and quality factor improvement of photonic crystal sensors by geometrical optimization of waveguides and micro-ring resonators combination","volume":"14","author":"Fallahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s41683-022-00092-x","article-title":"Photonic crystal based biosensors: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Gowdhami","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISSS J. Micro Smart Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2020.110012","article-title":"Rough 1D photonic crystals: a transfer matrix approach","volume":"109","author":"Missoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081283","article-title":"Biocompatible and implantable optical fibers and waveguides for biomedicine","volume":"11","author":"Nazempour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173771","article-title":"Soft and stretchable polymeric optical waveguide-based sensors for wearable and biomedical applications","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143981","article-title":"Optical waveguides and integrated optical devices for medical diagnosis, health monitoring and light therapies","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16795","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.016795","article-title":"Flexible laser endoscope for minimally invasive photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) toward efficient tumor removal","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100025008610?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100025008610?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:22:09Z","timestamp":1775143329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1572100025008610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S1572100025008610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-1000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-1000","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhanced reactive oxygen species generation using photonic platforms containing polyethylene glycol hydrogel doped with a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.105331","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105331"}}