{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:25:13Z","timestamp":1793856313115,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:24:26Z","timestamp":1789662266000},"page":"105656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toward precision photobiomodulation for radiation-induced xerostomia: Clinical evidence, salivary biomarkers, and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3982-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahriar","family":"Eftekharian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shole","family":"Rastkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0001","first-page":"364","article-title":"Effects of photobiomodulation on oral mucositis, oral pain, xerostomia, salivary flow rate, and quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Pedroso","year":"2026","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2025.02.006","article-title":"Radiation-therapy related salivary dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Blitzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2009.09.002","article-title":"Radiation-induced xerostomia: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Bhide","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol)"},{"issue":"53","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgz016","article-title":"Salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia in head and neck radiation patients","volume":"2019","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01208","article-title":"Salivary gland hypofunction and\/or xerostomia induced by nonsurgical cancer therapies: ISOO\/MASCC\/ASCO guideline","volume":"39","author":"Mercadante","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.06.090","article-title":"Radiotherapy dose-volume effects on salivary gland function","volume":"76","author":"Deasy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.09.004","article-title":"Reducing xerostomia after chemo-IMRT for head-and-neck cancer: beyond sparing the parotid glands","volume":"83","author":"Eisbruch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2005.10.002","article-title":"Does radiation dose to the salivary glands and oral cavity predict patient-rated xerostomia and sticky saliva in head and neck cancer patients treated with curative radiotherapy?","volume":"77","author":"Jellema","year":"2005","journal-title":"RadiOther Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)01441-3","article-title":"A prospective study of salivary function sparing in patients with head-and-neck cancers receiving intensity-modulated or three-dimensional radiation therapy: initial results","volume":"49","author":"Chao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0040","article-title":"Early salivary gland shrinkage is associated with an increased risk of acute xerostomia in head and neck cancer radiation therapy","volume":"11","author":"Treechairusame","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.02.021","article-title":"Submandibular function recovery after IMRT in head and neck cancer: a prospective dose modelling study","volume":"129","author":"Murthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"RadiOther Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2013.831186","article-title":"The QUANTEC criteria for parotid gland dose and their efficacy to prevent moderate to severe patient-rated xerostomia","volume":"53","author":"Beetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0010","first-page":"348","article-title":"Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy","volume":"22","author":"Hamblin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEe J. Sel. Top. Quantum. Electron."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0011","first-page":"75","article-title":"Photobiomodulation therapy mechanisms beyond cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"40","author":"Hamblin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2025.110712","article-title":"Evaluation of machine learning models for predicting xerostomia in adults with head and neck cancer during proton and heavy ion radiotherapy","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"RadiOther Oncol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0012","first-page":"3969","article-title":"Systematic review of photobiomodulation for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Zadik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.103115","article-title":"Does laser photobiomodulation prevent hyposalivation in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"156","author":"Louzeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111933","article-title":"Effect of photobiomodulation on salivary flow and composition, xerostomia and quality of life of patients during head and neck radiotherapy in short term follow-up: a randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"209","author":"Louzeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2024.04","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of photobiomodulation on radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Mosannen Mozaffari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lasers. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0016","article-title":"Photobiomodulation for the prevention of oral side effects secondary to head and neck cancer therapy: results of a randomised, single-blind clinical trial","volume":"164","author":"Camolesi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2180-3","article-title":"Impact of low-level laser therapy on hyposalivation, salivary pH, and quality of life in head and neck cancer patients post-radiotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Palma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06735-3","article-title":"Photobiomodulation for restoring salivary flow after radiotherapy in head and neck cancer: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Lopez-Garzon","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041629","article-title":"Investigation of changes in saliva in radiotherapy-induced head neck cancer patients","volume":"18","author":"Winter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03995-5","article-title":"Radiotherapy changes the salivary proteome in head and neck cancer patients: evaluation before, during, and after treatment","volume":"26","author":"Ventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06225-4","article-title":"Radiation-induced changes in salivary metabolite profile and pathways in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Ramsay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1644178","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological interventions on treatment-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Tai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo N., Bellile E., Murdoch-Kinch C.A., Liu M., Eisbruch A., Wolf G.T.D., Silva N.J. Cytokines in saliva increase in head and neck cancer patients after treatment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol.. 2016;122(4):483\u2013490.e1.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04017-0","article-title":"Salivary IL-8 as a putative predictive biomarker of radiotherapy response in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"26","author":"Principe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Salivary and imaging-based biomarkers of radiation therapy-induced xerostomia","volume":"71","author":"Atif","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2006-84","article-title":"Evaluation of saliva glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde levels in head-neck radiotherapy patients","volume":"51","author":"Derinda\u011f","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1339-4","article-title":"Predicting acute radiation induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer using MR and CT radiomics of parotid and submandibular glands","volume":"14","author":"Sheikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2018.11.008","article-title":"Machine learning methods uncover radiomorphologic dose patterns in salivary glands that predict xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2022.10.004","article-title":"Predicting radiotherapy-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients using day-to-day kinetics of radiomics features","volume":"24","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. ImAging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2024.107000","article-title":"Xerostomia prediction in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during radiotherapy using segmental dose distribution in dosiomics and radiomics models","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/adafac","article-title":"A comparison of different machine learning classifiers in predicting xerostomia and sticky saliva due to head and neck radiotherapy using a multi-objective, multimodal radiomics model","volume":"11","author":"Khajetash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-026-02846-5","article-title":"SHAP-based interpretable machine learning with longitudinal delta-radiomics across seven weeks of treatment for xerostomia prediction in head-and-neck cancer","volume":"21","author":"Samson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0033","article-title":"Advances in radiomics for predicting and managing xerostomia following radiotherapy: a systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Sharifian Jazi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0038","first-page":"2417","article-title":"Locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis: retrospective outcomes and safety analyses","volume":"26","author":"Brand\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0037","first-page":"3015","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the safety of low-level laser therapy\/photobiomodulation in patients with head\/neck cancer","volume":"28","author":"Genot-Klastersky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2019.04.004","article-title":"Tumor safety and side effects of photobiomodulation therapy used for prevention and management of cancer treatment toxicities: a systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Paglioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8279","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3582","article-title":"World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT). Safety and efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in oncology: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Bensadoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."}],"container-title":["Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100026003236?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1572100026003236?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:41:16Z","timestamp":1793853676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1572100026003236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1572100026003236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1572-1000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1572-1000","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toward precision photobiomodulation for radiation-induced xerostomia: Clinical evidence, salivary biomarkers, and artificial intelligence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2026.105656","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105656"}}