{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:51:29Z","timestamp":1779205889538,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31CA30_196736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31CA30_196736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Patient Education and Counseling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:10:45Z","timestamp":1755501045000},"page":"109309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["COVID-19 misinformation and healthcare workers: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Holzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1386-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Diviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rubinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib1","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01556-3","article-title":"Coronavirus: the spread of misinformation","volume":"18","author":"Mian","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib3","article-title":"Combating disinformation in a social media age","volume":"10","author":"Shu","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Data Min Knowl Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib4","series-title":"Understanding and Addressing Misinformation About Science","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib5","article-title":"Information overload and infodemic in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"70","author":"Rathore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.031","article-title":"Infodemics: a new challenge for public health","volume":"184","author":"Briand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02925-y","article-title":"Disinformation, misinformation and Inequality-Driven mistrust in the time of COVID-19: lessons unlearned from AIDS denialism","volume":"24","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201199","article-title":"Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world","volume":"7","author":"Roozenbeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"WHO competency framework for health authorities and institutions to manage infodemics: its development and features","volume":"20","author":"Rubinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/ipo.2021.19","article-title":"Where does the coronavirus come from? On the mechanisms underlying the endorsement of conspiracy theories on the origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"52","author":"Vezzoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ital Political Sci Rev \/ Riv Ital di Sci Polit"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.3257","article-title":"Misinformation, trust, and use of ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Perlis","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib12","unstructured":"\u201cClaims that mRNA vaccines change human DNA are back | Health Communication Research Laboratory | Washington University in St. Louis.\u201d Accessed: Dec. 05, 2024. [Online]. Available: \u3008https:\/\/hcrl.wustl.edu\/claims-that-mrna-vaccines-change-human-dna-are-back\/\u3009."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14361","article-title":"Fear about adverse effect on fertility is a major cause of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Diaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17430-6","article-title":"Misinformation of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.276782","article-title":"COVID-19-related misinformation on social media: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Gabarron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9839","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18199839","article-title":"Irrational beliefs about COVID-19: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Magarini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.048","article-title":"Strategic silences, eroded trust: the impact of divergent COVID-19 vaccine sentiments on healthcare workers\u2019 relations with peers and patients","volume":"41","author":"Heyerdahl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11061064","article-title":"Strategic combination of theory, plain language, and trusted messengers contribute to COVID-19 vaccine uptake: lessons learned from development and dissemination of a community toolkit","volume":"11","author":"Caballero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Method"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-45","article-title":"Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Method"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689811427913","article-title":"Mapping the mixed Methods\u2013Mixed research synthesis terrain","volume":"6","author":"Sandelowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mixed Methods Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib23","first-page":"56","article-title":"Qualitative analysis techniques for the review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Onwuegbuzie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Rep"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib24","article-title":"Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Doctor-Patient relationship: a qualitative study in a Tertiary-Care centre in Lebanon","volume":"7","author":"Abou-Mrad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J BioethRev Canadienne de Bioethique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib25","article-title":"Tiktoking COVID-19 with frontline workers","volume":"9","author":"Al-Rawi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18116123","article-title":"Attitudes towards COVID-19-related medical misinformation among healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during the pandemic: an online cross-sectional survey","volume":"18","author":"Alotiby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2020.09.001","article-title":"Knowledge and information credibility evaluation strategies regarding COVID-19: a cross-sectional study","volume":"69","author":"Amit Aharon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nurs Outlook"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1751067","article-title":"Awareness, psychological state, and coping skills among the frontline doctors during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross-Sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Apurva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Health Allied Sci NU"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib29","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators affecting the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines: a qualitative perspective of frontline nurses in Namibia","volume":"9","author":"Ashipala","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17678-9","article-title":"Misinformation, knowledge and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: a cross-sectional study among health care workers and the general population in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"24","author":"Atuheirwe","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116146","article-title":"Addressing vaccine concerns through the spectrum of vaccine acceptance","volume":"333","author":"Maureen Ayikoru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002652","article-title":"Reaching \u2018covidianidad\u2019: a qualitative study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the perceived mental health of health care workers in the Dominican Republic","volume":"3","author":"Baez Caraballo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069294","article-title":"Care seeking for under-five children and vaccine perceptions during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in lagos state, Nigeria: a qualitative exploratory study","volume":"13","author":"Bakare","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib34","article-title":"\u201cFake news about the COVID-19 pandemic: perception of health professionals and their families,\u201d","volume":"55","author":"da","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Esc Enferm USP"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/27715","article-title":"US Physicians\u2019 and Nurses\u2019 motivations, barriers, and recommendations for correcting health misinformation on social media: qualitative interview study","volume":"7","author":"Bautista","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/08445621211066721","article-title":"Exploring the perceptions of nurses on receiving the SARS CoV-2 vaccine in palestine: a qualitative study","volume":"55","author":"Belkebir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib37","article-title":"Qualitative healthcare worker survey: retrospective cross-sectional case study on COVID-19 in the African context","volume":"79","author":"Benjamin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17136","article-title":"Lessons learned from frontline skilled nursing facility staff regarding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy","volume":"69","author":"Berry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211464","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2211464","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among healthcare workers in pima county","volume":"19","author":"Block Ngaybe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib40","article-title":"Adherence to Covid-19 vaccination during the pandemic: the influence of fake news","volume":"77","author":"Borges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Brasileira de Enferm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276693","article-title":"Misinformation about medication during the COVID- 19 pandemic: a perspective of medical staff","volume":"17","author":"Coman","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2020.05.009","article-title":"The infodemics of COVID-19 amongst healthcare professionals in India","volume":"76","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013199","article-title":"COVID-19 is just another way to die\u2026\u2019: a qualitative longitudinal study of frontline COVID-19 response governance across Syria","volume":"8","author":"Douedari","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010039","article-title":"Determinants of obtaining COVID-19 vaccination among health care workers with access to free COVID-19 vaccination: a Cross-Sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Elkhayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccin (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib45","article-title":"Critical thinking predicts reductions in spanish physicians\u2019 stress levels and promotes fake news detection","volume":"42","author":"Escol\u00e0-Gasc\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Think Skills Creat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2021.38","article-title":"Mental health and conspirasism in health care professionals during the spring 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in Greece","volume":"34","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.827817","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Iran during the first wave of the pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Hatami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07111-0","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among different population groups in China: a national multicenter online survey","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/38794","article-title":"The experience of health professionals with misinformation and its impact on their job practice: qualitative interview study","volume":"6","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.22442\/jlumhs.2021.00891","article-title":"Acceptability of Covid-19 vaccine among frontline health care workers in north central and south Western, Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Jimoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib51","article-title":"Adverse reactions of different COVID-19 vaccines among healthcare professionals: a qualitative study in mosul, Iraq","volume":"18","author":"Khaleel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002250","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in meghalaya, India: multiple correspondence and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/31358","article-title":"Nursing perspectives on the impacts of COVID-19: social media content analysis","volume":"5","author":"Koren","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09998-0","article-title":"The role of primary care during the pandemic: shared experiences from providers in five european countries","volume":"23","author":"Kraus","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.903506","article-title":"Motivators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination of healthcare workers in Latvia","volume":"13","author":"Lielsvagere-Endele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395211032420","article-title":"Doctors-in-training and COVID-19 misinformation on social media","volume":"33","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.09.015","article-title":"The COVid-19 pandemic through the eyes of pediatric nurses: a qualitative study","volume":"68","author":"MacKay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pedia Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051775","article-title":"Healthcare workers\u2019 perceptions and attitudes towards the UK\u2019s COVID-19 vaccination programme: a rapid qualitative appraisal","volume":"12","author":"Manby","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1002\/emp2.12305","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress and stress disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: survey of emergency physicians","volume":"1","author":"Marco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.103839","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy is not all a conspiracy theory: a qualitative study from Iran","volume":"233","author":"Moghadam Fard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychol (Amst)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.17576\/MH.2022.1701.19","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: mobile education initiatives to improve vaccination uptake among healthcare workers","volume":"17","author":"Muna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2022.2032260","article-title":"Mapping the connections of health professionals to COVID-19 myths and facts in The Australian twittersphere","volume":"26","author":"O\u2019Neil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf Commun Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/41925","article-title":"Belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, level of trust in government information, and willingness to take COVID-19 vaccines among health care workers in Nigeria: survey study","volume":"7","author":"Oyeyemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Form Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100557","article-title":"Characterizing initial COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among pregnancy-capable healthcare workers","volume":"4","author":"Perez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09348-0","article-title":"Supporting US healthcare providers for successful vaccine communication","volume":"23","author":"Pierz","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib66","article-title":"Concerns, attitudes, and intended practices of Caribbean healthcare workers concerning COVID-19 vaccination: a cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Puertas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000608","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in N\u2019Djamena, Chad: a cross-sectional study of patients, community members, and healthcare workers","volume":"2","author":"Rice","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254761","article-title":"Knowledge and awareness-based survey of COVID-19 within the eye care profession in Nepal: misinformation is hiding the truth","volume":"16","author":"Sanyam","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib69","first-page":"679","article-title":"Infodemia: another enemy for Romanian frontline healthcare workers to fight during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"56","author":"Secosan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.40.213.30699","article-title":"Exploring reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among healthcare providers in Ethiopia","volume":"40","author":"Shiferie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002188","article-title":"Structural and social factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers and older people in Uganda: a qualitative analysis","volume":"4","author":"Slivesteri","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.28928","article-title":"Communication of COVID-19 misinformation on social media by physicians in the US","volume":"6","author":"Sule","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib73","article-title":"Exploring COVID-19 vaccine uptake among healthcare workers in Zimbabwe: a mixed methods study","author":"Taruvinga","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1159\/000512707","article-title":"COVID-19, social media, and the role of the public physician","volume":"50","author":"Topf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2023.1.57253","article-title":"Effects of an online community Peer-support intervention on COVID-19 vaccine misinformation among essential workers: Mixed-methods analysis","volume":"24","author":"Ugarte","year":"2023","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/19276","article-title":"Mining Physicians\u2019 opinions on social media to obtain insights into COVID-19: mixed methods analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wahbeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0463","article-title":"Hand hygiene and Mask-Wearing practices during COVID-19 among healthcare workers: misinformation as a predictor","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib78","article-title":"A pilot study of medical misinformation perceptions and training among practitioners in north carolina (USA)","volume":"58","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"daad034","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daad034","article-title":"COVID-19 messages targeting young people on social media: content analysis of Australian health authority posts","volume":"38","author":"Taba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280439","article-title":"Understanding the barriers and facilitators of vaccine hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers and healthcare students worldwide: an umbrella review","volume":"18","author":"McCready","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib81","unstructured":"\u201cTeaching healthcare workers how to combat medical misinformation - UChicago Medicine.\u201d Accessed: Dec. 02, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.uchicagomedicine.org\/forefront\/news\/2022\/september\/teaching-healthcare-workers-how-to-combat-medical-misinformation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib82","unstructured":"\u201cAfrica Infodemic Response Alliance | WHO | Regional Office for Africa.\u201d Accessed: Dec. 02, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/aira."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-023-00413-x","article-title":"Injunctive social norms and perceived message tailoring are associated with health information seeking","volume":"47","author":"Foust","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.12.059","article-title":"A systematic review of communication interventions for countering vaccine misinformation","volume":"41","author":"Whitehead","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.G. Southwell, A. Anderson, A. Berry, K. Weems, and L. Howley, Eds., Equipping Health Professions Educators to Better Address Medical Misinformation. in RTI Press Occasional Papers. Research Triangle Park (NC): RTI Press, 2023. Accessed: Dec. 02, 2024. [Online]. Available: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK595308\/.","DOI":"10.3768\/rtipress.2023.op.0086.2303"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.017","article-title":"Reversing physician hesitancy to recommend COVID-19 vaccination for pregnant patients","volume":"226","author":"Chervenak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.43893","article-title":"Medical board discipline of physicians for spreading medical misinformation","volume":"7","author":"Saver","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["Patient Education and Counseling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738399125006767?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738399125006767?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T14:15:52Z","timestamp":1772806552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738399125006767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S0738399125006767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-3991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-3991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"COVID-19 misinformation and healthcare workers: A scoping review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Patient Education and Counseling","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2025.109309","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109309"}}