{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:46:00Z","timestamp":1782423960411,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Patient Education and Counseling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:33:31Z","timestamp":1777545211000},"page":"109659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Digital health interventions for improving mental health outcomes and wellbeing for adults with diabetes: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Anstan","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Boggis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Sofia","family":"Serlachius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: Early detection should be focused","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S005","article-title":"American Diabetes Association. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.8040","article-title":"The mental health comorbidities of diabetes","volume":"312","author":"Ducat","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-10","article-title":"Excess risk of chronic physical conditions associated with depression and anxiety","volume":"14","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2633","article-title":"Fear of hypoglycemia-an underestimated problem","volume":"12","author":"Przezak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi24-0014","article-title":"The interconnected complexity of diabetes and depression","volume":"38","author":"Beverly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_579_17","article-title":"Emotional and psychological needs of people with diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Kalra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302635","article-title":"Impact of depression on self-efficacy, illness perceptions and self-management among people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"19","author":"Derese","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib9","first-page":"120","article-title":"The association between diabetes mellitus and depression","volume":"9","author":"B\u0103descu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0491-3","article-title":"Diabetes and depression","volume":"14","author":"Holt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.11.013","article-title":"Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2022-0046","article-title":"Digital healthcare: the future","volume":"9","author":"Butcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.942703","article-title":"Digital health in the era of COVID-19: Reshaping the next generation of healthcare","volume":"11","author":"Getachew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00144-8","article-title":"The Lancet Diabetes E. Poor mental health in diabetes: still a neglected comorbidity","volume":"3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/55757","article-title":"Digital interventions for self-management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Kerr","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2022.936752","article-title":"The effectiveness of digital health technologies for patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0216","article-title":"Effectiveness of digital interventions for improving glycemic control in persons with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kebede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol & Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18178982","article-title":"Efficacy of ehealth interventions for adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Bassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2023.0374","article-title":"Are e-health interventions effective in reducing diabetes-related distress and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Telemed e-Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110854","article-title":"E-Health technologies for treatment of depression, anxiety and emotional distress in person with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"203","author":"Tavares Franquez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13304","article-title":"Digital health interventions for improving mental health outcomes and wellbeing for youth with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Garner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pedia Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000100","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"6","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib23","first-page":"603","article-title":"M D, M S. Psychological Wellbeing","year":"2023","journal-title":"A Syst Lit Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X18822575","article-title":"Pharmacist-led telehealth disease management program for patients with diabetes and depression","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2018-0028","article-title":"Evaluation of a mobile social networking application for improving diabetes Type 2 knowledge: an intervention study using WhatsApp","volume":"7","author":"Alanzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64314-y","article-title":"Mindfulness and self-regulation intervention for improved self-neglect and self-regulation in diabetic older adults","volume":"14","author":"Motamed-Jahromi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-0941-6","article-title":"The effect of self-management education through weblogs on the quality of life of diabetic patients","volume":"19","author":"Rasoul","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Inf Decis Mak"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0298","article-title":"Enhancing diabetes care through a mobile application: a randomized clinical trial on integrating physical and mental health among disadvantaged individuals","volume":"48","author":"Bae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/13857","article-title":"Web-based benefit-finding writing for adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: preliminary randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Crawford","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-016-0453-1","article-title":"Conceptualising engagement with digital behaviour change interventions: a systematic review using principles from critical interpretive synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Perski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S460864","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy enhancement in improving self-management behavior for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-019-00468-1","article-title":"DM-calendar app as a diabetes self-management education on adult type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Kusnanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib34","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Implementation of mobile application for diabetes self-management on self efficacy and clinical outcome in Indonesia","author":"Noviani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Res (09752366"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.926719","article-title":"A mobile app for diabetes management: impact on self-efficacy among patients with type 2 diabetes at a community hospital","volume":"26","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01626-0","article-title":"The effectiveness of social media-based microlearning in improving knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors among adult patients with type 2 diabetes: an educational intervention","volume":"24","author":"Rahbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.13117","article-title":"WhatsApp-based intervention for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Yaagoob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib38","series-title":"Anxiety. StatPearls","author":"Chand","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib39","series-title":"Depression. StatPearls","author":"Chand","year":"2026"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.5815","article-title":"Stress, a Brief Update","volume":"16","author":"Valencia-Florez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Res (Medellin)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.12.018","article-title":"What is diabetes distress and how can we measure it? A narrative review and conceptual model","volume":"31","author":"Dennick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.40232","article-title":"Use of voice-based conversational artificial intelligence for basal insulin prescription management among patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Nayak","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib43","unstructured":"Teoli D., Bhardwaj A. Quality Of Life. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Abhishek Bhardwaj declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib44","first-page":"645","article-title":"Collaboration between interprofessional healthcare and patients to improve quality of life type 2 diabetes via smartphone application","volume":"13","author":"Noviani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Res (09752366"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15178","article-title":"Effectiveness of a nurse-led smartphone-based self-management programme for people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib46","first-page":"276","article-title":"Mobile health application based intervention for improvement of quality of life among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"10","author":"Patnaik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-016-0389-9","article-title":"Health, health-related quality of life, and quality of life: what is the difference?","volume":"34","author":"Karimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/20322","article-title":"My diabetes coach, a mobile app-based interactive conversational agent to support type 2 diabetes self-management: randomized effectiveness-implementation trial","volume":"22","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2019.1705873","article-title":"Do automated digital health behaviour change interventions have a positive effect on self-efficacy? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Newby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102515","article-title":"Efficacy of app-based mobile health interventions for stress management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of self-reported, physiological, and neuroendocrine stress-related outcomes","volume":"114","author":"S\u00eerbu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/46116","article-title":"Digital health psychosocial intervention in adult patients with cancer and their families: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2014.941722","article-title":"Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib53","first-page":"693","article-title":"Behavior change techniques and their mechanisms of action: a synthesis of links described in published intervention literature","volume":"53","author":"Carey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib54","volume":"1","author":"Bandura","year":"1977"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00225-5","article-title":"Current insights and emerging trends in early-onset type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Misra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05926-3","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes for people with diabetes: what and how to measure? A narrative review","volume":"66","author":"Terwee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13428","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: psychological care of children, adolescents and young adults with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"de Wit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pedia Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Patient Education and Counseling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738399126001928?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0738399126001928?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1782420513000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0738399126001928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0738399126001928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659","relation":{},"ISSN":["0738-3991"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0738-3991","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Digital health interventions for improving mental health outcomes and wellbeing for adults with diabetes: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Patient Education and Counseling","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2026.109659","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109659"}}