{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T14:03:59Z","timestamp":1761919439835},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,22]],"date-time":"2011-04-22T09:18:55Z","timestamp":1303463935000},"page":"399-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Early Onset Multiple Sclerosis: A Review for Nurse Practitioners"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Deborah B.","family":"Spiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9201-3","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis: A review","volume":"5","author":"Ascherio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507084266","article-title":"Through the eyes of a child: Research insights gained though the study of childhood multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Banwell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70242-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in children: Clinical diagnosis, therapeutic strategies, and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70196-5","article-title":"Clinical features and viral serologies in children with multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study","volume":"6","author":"Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259421.40556.76","article-title":"Challenges in the classification of pediatric multiple sclerosis and future directions","volume":"68","author":"Belman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib6","series-title":"Multiple sclerosis: Clinician\u2019s guide to diagnosis and treatment","first-page":"15","article-title":"The patterns and pathophysiology of MS","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, J., & MacMillan, L. (2005). Multiple sclerosis in childhood: Understanding and caring for children with an \u201cadult\u201d disease. The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 37(6), 334-342. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.aann.org\/ce\/pdf\/Dec05Boyd.pdf","DOI":"10.1097\/01376517-200512000-00007"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20061001-03","article-title":"Managing the adolescent with chronic illness","volume":"36","author":"Burns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib9","unstructured":"Center for Medical Home Improvement. (2010). Principles for patient- and family-centered care: The medical home from the consumer perspective. Retrieved from http:\/\/medicalhomeimprovement.org\/pdf\/National_Partnership_PCMH%20Principles_9_09.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp033","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Correale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808321042","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in childhood: Clinical and radiological features","volume":"24","author":"Forrester","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610371251","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies in childhood multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458502ms786oa","article-title":"Prospective study of multiple sclerosis with early onset","volume":"8","author":"Ghezzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2008.505","article-title":"Increased relapse rate in pediatric-onset compared with adult-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Gorman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259403.31527.ef","article-title":"Differential diagnosis and evaluation in pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Hahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259419.96311.54","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis: A short history of a long history","volume":"68","author":"Hanefeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.29-5-161","article-title":"Adolescent psychological development: A review","volume":"29","author":"Hazen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics in Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267155","article-title":"A practical guide to pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Huppke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073493","article-title":"Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study","volume":"357","year":"2007","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082069","article-title":"Common infectious agents in multiple sclerosis: A case-control study in children","volume":"14","author":"Krone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259422.44235.a8","article-title":"Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders","volume":"68","author":"Krupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000158474.24191.BC","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"MacAllister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259420.54635.63","article-title":"The psychosocial consequences of pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"MacAllister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508097471","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in children with multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Montiel-Nava","year":"2009","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"296","author":"Munger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib105","unstructured":"National Pediatric MS Center. (n.d., a). Guide for nurses. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pediatricmscenter.org\/Nurse.aspx"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib106","unstructured":"National Pediatric MS Center. (n.d., b). Pediatric MS centers of excellence. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nationalmssociety.org\/about-multiple-sclerosis\/pediatric-ms\/pediatric-ms-centers-of-excellence\/index.aspx"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259447.77476.a9","article-title":"Clinical features of children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Ness","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S54","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259407.40023.ab","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric multiple sclerosis and variants","volume":"68","author":"Pohl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.01.003","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis: Detection of clinically silent lesions by multimodal evoked potentials","volume":"149","author":"Pohl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib30","first-page":"840","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald Criteria.\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Polman","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Neurological Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067597","article-title":"Natural history of multiple sclerosis with childhood onset","volume":"356","author":"Renoux","year":"2007","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(07)79011-6","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in children: Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects","volume":"79","author":"Rostasy","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.28-7-e36","article-title":"Caring for children who have special health-care needs: A practical guide for the primary care provider","volume":"28","author":"Sadof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics in Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2004.06.005","article-title":"Clinical course and prognosis of 27 patients with childhood onset multiple sclerosis in Japan","volume":"27","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain and Development"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000036907.37650.8E","article-title":"Course and prognosis in early-onset MS: Comparison with adult-onset forms","volume":"59","author":"Simone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib36","series-title":"Pediatric dosage handbook","author":"Taketomo","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.03.004","article-title":"Adherence of adolescents to multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapy","volume":"41","author":"Thannhauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2009.08.003","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Zuvich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Health Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891524511000757?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0891524511000757?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T13:29:40Z","timestamp":1592486980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0891524511000757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0891524511000757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedhc.2011.02.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0891-5245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0891-5245","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}}}