{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T19:46:52Z","timestamp":1760730412312},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]],"date-time":"2016-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1031,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatrics & Neonatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T16:50:20Z","timestamp":1358787020000},"page":"73-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Current Approaches to the Treatment of Head Injury in Children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Chih-Fen","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hueng-Chuen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Fu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyi-Jou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.106583","article-title":"Concussion and mild head injury","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(03)00156-5","article-title":"Pediatric traumatic brain injuries in Taiwan: an 8-year study","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib3","series-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergence department visits, hospitalizations and deaths","author":"Langlois","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2588","article-title":"Incidence of pediatric traumatic brain injury and associated hospital resource utilization in the United States","volume":"118","author":"Schneier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200211001-00011","article-title":"Triage scoring systems, severity of illness measures, and mortality prediction models in pediatric trauma","volume":"30","author":"Marcin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00407.x","article-title":"EFNS guideline on mild traumatic brain injury: report of an EFNS task force","volume":"9","author":"Vos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61558-0","article-title":"Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study","volume":"374","author":"Kuppermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100021077","article-title":"Early seizures after severe closed head injury","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-27577-0_3","article-title":"Posttraumatic epilepsy with special emphasis on prophylaxis and prevention","volume":"93","author":"Pagni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.8.1223","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Pagni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199009000-00014","article-title":"Mild head injury classification","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.083980","article-title":"Derivation of the children's head injury algorithm for the prediction of important clinical events decision rule for head injury in children","volume":"91","author":"Dunning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.08.028","article-title":"Backward somersault as a cause of childhood stroke: a case report of isolated middle cerebral artery dissection in an adolescent boy","volume":"26","author":"Hsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(96)90176-X","article-title":"Acute confusional migraine and trauma-triggered migraine","volume":"14","author":"Ferrera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.15","article-title":"ADHD: an integration with pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Eme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04561-X","article-title":"The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury","volume":"357","author":"Stiell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199308000-00035","article-title":"Clinical predictors of abnormality disclosed by computed tomography after mild head trauma","volume":"33","author":"Stein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199004000-00012","article-title":"The value of computed tomographic scans in patients with low-risk head injuries","volume":"26","author":"Stein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008069","article-title":"Detection of blast-related traumatic brain injury in U.S. military personnel","volume":"364","author":"Mac Donald","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000305961.68029.54","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents","volume":"70","author":"Wilde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199706000-00006","article-title":"Skull fractures in infants and predictors of associated intracranial injury","volume":"13","author":"Shane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1555-4","article-title":"Association between linear skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhage in children with minor head trauma","volume":"40","author":"Erlichman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000249271.56816.03","article-title":"Subarachnoid clot volume correlates with age, neurological grade, and blood pressure","volume":"60","author":"Rosen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1385\/NCC:2:2:110","article-title":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738050200070501","article-title":"Traumatic epidural hematoma in children","volume":"20","author":"Rocchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib26","first-page":"16","article-title":"Surgical management of acute subdural hematomas","volume":"58","author":"Bullock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600073","article-title":"Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: a combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study","volume":"25","author":"Vespa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.042523","article-title":"The implications of NICE guidelines on the management of children presenting with head injury","volume":"89","author":"Dunning","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.01.009","article-title":"Airway management by US and Canadian emergency medicine residents: a multicenter analysis of more than 6,000 endotracheal intubation attempts","volume":"46","author":"Sagarin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000199563.64264.3a","article-title":"The effect of etomidate on intracranial pressure and systemic blood pressure in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Bramwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283466b6b","article-title":"Pediatric traumatic brain injury: an update","volume":"24","author":"Emeriaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000101759.23607.57","article-title":"Blood pressure and outcome after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"55","author":"Vavilala","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1006","article-title":"Early resuscitation of children with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"124","author":"Zebrack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000108639.16783.39","article-title":"Effects of head posture on cerebral hemodynamics: its influences on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and cerebral oxygenation","volume":"54","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200005000-00051","article-title":"Effect of neuromuscular blockade on oxygen\u00a0consumption and energy expenditure in sedated, mechanically ventilated children","volume":"28","author":"Vernon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000173","article-title":"Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Schierhout","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810000368","article-title":"Early post-traumatic seizures in children with head injury","volume":"16","author":"Chiaretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200007000-00071","article-title":"Early hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury in children: risk factors, influence on length of stay, and effect on short-term neurologic status","volume":"28","author":"Natale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2174\/138945012800675641","article-title":"Neuroprotection and hypothermia in infants and children","volume":"13","author":"Pietrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.015","article-title":"The evidence for hypothermia as a neuroprotectant in traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706930","article-title":"For the Hypothermia Pediatric Head Injury Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Hypothermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"358","author":"Hutchison","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.11.019","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of hypertonic saline solutions in the treatment of severe head injury","volume":"65","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000137658.14906.E4","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and brain tissue pH after traumatic brain injury","volume":"55","author":"Zygun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e31818a6f32","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for perioperative hyperglycemia in children with traumatic brain injury","volume":"108","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000196.pub2","article-title":"Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury","volume":"1","author":"Alderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-8-201104190-00002","article-title":"Off-label use of recombinant factor VIIa in U.S. hospitals: analysis of hospital records","volume":"154","author":"Logan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2010.00949.x","article-title":"Local skull trephination before transfer is associated with favorable outcomes in cerebral herniation from epidural hematoma","volume":"18","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2007.05.002","article-title":"Early decompressive craniectomy for patients with severe traumatic brain injury and refractory intracranial hypertension\u2013a pilot randomized trial","volume":"23","author":"Cooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.1.195","article-title":"Decompressive craniectomy","volume":"106","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181957a25","article-title":"The utility of early end-tidal capnography in monitoring ventilation status after severe injury","volume":"66","author":"Warner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.02.032","article-title":"Defining \u201ctherapeutically inconsequential\u201d head computed tomographic findings in patients with blunt head trauma","volume":"44","author":"Atzema","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31819adbc8","article-title":"Necessity of repeat head CT and ICU monitoring in patients with minimal brain injury","volume":"66","author":"Bee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38918.659120.4F","article-title":"Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial","volume":"333","author":"Norlund","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/02699059509004574","article-title":"Psychosocial and emotional sequelae of individuals with traumatic brain injury: a literature review and recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Morton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1518","article-title":"Early post-traumatic seizures in moderate to severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: rates, risk factors, and clinical features","volume":"28","author":"Liesemer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01945.x","article-title":"Is a first acute symptomatic seizure epilepsy? Mortality and risk for recurrent seizure","volume":"50","author":"Hesdorffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2010.06.004","article-title":"Pediatric acquired brain injury","volume":"81","author":"Bodack","year":"2010","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.10.021","article-title":"Antioxidant therapies for traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.04.030","article-title":"Mitochondrial mechanisms of cell death and neuroprotection in pediatric ischemic and traumatic brain injury","volume":"218","author":"Robertson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-78","article-title":"S-nitrosoglutathione reduces oxidative injury and promotes mechanisms of neurorepair following traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1030275","article-title":"Erythropoietin and the brain: from neurodevelopment to neuroprotection","volume":"103","author":"Buemi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04238.x","article-title":"Erythropoietin enhances endogenous haem oxygenase-1 and represses immune responses to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"162","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"}],"container-title":["Pediatrics & Neonatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1875957212002203?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1875957212002203?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T12:49:49Z","timestamp":1562590189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1875957212002203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1875957212002203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.12.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-9572"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-9572","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}}}